The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Draft stage of the translated version)

THE BHARATIYASAKSHYA ADHINIYAM, 2023

NO. 47 OF 2023
[25th December, 2023.]

An Act to consolidate and to provide for general rules and principles of evidence
for fair trial.

BE it enacted by Parliament in the Seventy-fourth Year of the Republic of India as
follows:—

PART I

CHAPTERI

PRELIMINARY

1. (1) This Act may be called the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.

(2) It applies to all judicial proceedings in or before any Court, including Courts-martial,
but not to affidavits presented to anyCourt or officer, nor to proceedings before an arbitrator.

Short title,
application and
commencement.

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EXTRAORDINARY
Hkkx II — [k.M 1

PART II — Section 1
izkf/kdkj ls izdkf'kr

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY

lañ 55] ubZ fnYyh] lkseokj] fnlEcj 25] 2023@ ikS"k 4] 1945 ¼'kd½
No. 55] NEW DELHI, MONDAY, DECEMBER 25, 2023/PAUSHA 4, 1945 (SAKA)

bl Hkkx esa fHkUu i`"B la[;k nh tkrh gS ftlls fd ;g vyx ladyu ds :i esa j[kk tk ldsA
Separate paging is given to this Part in order that it may be filed as a separate compilation.

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xxxGIDExxx

jftLVªh lañ Mhñ ,yñ—(,u)04@0007@2003—23 REGISTERED NO. DL—(N)04/0007/2003—23

MINISTRY OF LAW AND JUSTICE
(Legislative Department)

New Delhi, the 25th December, 2023/Pausha 4, 1945 (Saka)

The following Act of Parliament received the assent of the President on the
25th December, 2023 and is hereby published for general information:—

सी.जी.-डी.एल.-अ.-25122023-250882
CG-DL-E-25122023-250882



ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁ꯭ ꯇꯔ ꯃ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ. — (ꯑꯦꯟ) 04/0007/2003 REGISTERED NO. DL— (N)04/0007/2003

ꯁꯤ.ꯖꯤ.-ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯜ.-ꯑꯤ.-25122023-250882
CG-DL-E-25122023-250882

ꯑꯦꯛꯁ꯭ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ
EXTRAORDINARY
ꯄꯥꯔꯠ II —ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 1
PART II — Section 1
ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯤꯇꯤꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY

ꯃ. 55]
No. 55]

ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤ, ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯀꯥꯕ, ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 25,2023/ꯄꯧꯁꯥ 4,1945 (ꯁꯀꯥ)
NEW DELHI, MONDAY, DECEMBER 25, 2023/PAUSHA 4, 1945 (SAKA)

ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕꯀꯝꯄꯥꯏꯂꯦꯁꯟꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯐꯥꯏꯜ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕꯁꯔꯨꯛꯑꯁꯤꯗꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕꯄꯦꯖꯤꯡꯄꯤ ꯫
Separate paging is given to this Part in order that it may be filed as a separate compilation.

ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯃꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯂꯩ
(ꯂꯦꯖꯤꯁꯂꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ꯭ ꯠꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ)

ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤ, ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 25,2023/ꯄꯧꯁꯥ 4,1945 (ꯁꯀꯥ)

ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯏꯪ 2023ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 25ꯗ ꯔꯥꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯄꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯐꯣꯡꯏ: -

ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌꯥ ꯁꯛꯁ꯭ ꯌ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ, 2023
ꯏꯪ 2023ꯒꯤ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ 47

[ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 25,2023]

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯆꯠꯅ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯟꯨꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯦꯛ꯭ ꯇ
ꯑꯃ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠꯅ ꯔꯤꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ 74 ꯁꯨꯕꯗ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ: -

ꯁꯔꯨꯛ 1
ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ I
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯤꯂꯤꯃꯤꯅꯔꯤ

꯱. (꯱) ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯁꯛꯁ꯭ ꯌ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ, 2023 ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫
(꯲) ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠ-ꯃꯥꯔꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯕ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯁꯟ

ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ ꯆꯠꯅꯒꯅꯤ,ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯐꯤꯗꯦꯕꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯔꯕꯤꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠ
ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ,
ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ
ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯫.



(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Governmentmay, by notification
in the Official Gazette, appoint.

2. (1) In this Adhiniyam, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a) "Court" includes all Judges and Magistrates, and all persons, except
arbitrators, legally authorised to take evidence;

(b) "conclusive proof" means when one fact is declared by this Adhiniyam to
be conclusive proof of another, the Court shall, on proof of the one fact, regard the
other as proved, and shall not allow evidence to be given for the purpose of disproving
it;

(c) "disproved" in relation to a fact, means when, after considering the matters
before it, the Court either believes that it does not exist, or considers its non-existence
so probable that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case,
to act upon the supposition that it does not exist;

(d) "document" means any matter expressed or described or otherwise recorded
upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks or any other means or by
more than one of those means, intended to be used, or which may be used, for the
purpose of recording that matter and includes electronic and digital records.

Illustrations.

(i)Awriting is a document.

(ii) Words printed, lithographed or photographed are documents.

(iii) Amap or plan is a document.

(iv) An inscription on a metal plate or stone is a document.

(v) Acaricature is a document.

(vi)An electronic record on emails, server logs, documents on computers, laptop
or smartphone, messages, websites, locational evidence and voice mail messages
stored on digital devices are documents;

(e) "evidence" means and includes—

(i) all statements including statements given electronically which the
Court permits or requires to be made before it by witnesses in relation to matters
of fact under inquiry and such statements are called oral evidence;

(ii) all documents including electronic or digital records produced for the
inspection of the Court and such documents are called documentary evidence;

(f) "fact" means and includes—

(i) any thing, state of things, or relation of things, capable of being
perceived by the senses;

(ii) any mental condition of which any person is conscious.

Illustrations.

(i) That there are certain objects arranged in a certain order in a certain place, is
a fact.

(ii) That a person heard or saw something, is a fact.

(iii) That a person said certain words, is a fact.

Definitions.

2 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



2 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ
ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ

(꯳) ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯦꯟꯗ꯭ ꯔ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯅ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯒꯖꯦꯠꯗ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯈꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯫

꯲. (꯱) ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ, ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, -

(a) "ꯀꯣꯔꯠ" ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯕꯤꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ,
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ ꯫

(b) "ꯀꯟꯀ꯭ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯋꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯞ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯞꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯞꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯞꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯞ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

(c) ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ "ꯌꯥꯗꯕ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯟꯅꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ
ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ, ꯈꯪ-ꯍꯩꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(d) "ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯥꯔꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ
ꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ

(i) ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(ii) ꯅꯝꯂꯕ, ꯂꯤꯊꯣꯒ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯐ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯒ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯐ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

(iii) ꯃꯦꯞ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯂꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(iv) ꯙꯥꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯂꯦꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯅꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(v) ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯀꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(vi) ꯏꯃꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃ, ꯁꯔꯚꯔ ꯂꯣꯒꯁꯤꯡ, ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯦꯄꯇꯣꯞ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯥꯐꯣꯔ꯭ ꯟ, ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡ, ꯋꯦꯕꯁꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯦꯕꯥꯏꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ
ꯚꯣꯏꯁ ꯃꯦꯜ ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

(e) "ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ -

(i) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯎꯀꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ
ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ;

(ii) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ
ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ ꯫

(f) "ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ -

(i) ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯃꯕꯛꯨꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯕ;

(ii) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ

(i) ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯪ-ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(ii) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯦꯡꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(iii) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫



(iv) That a person holds a certain opinion, has a certain intention, acts in good
faith, or fraudulently, or uses a particular word in a particular sense, or is or was at a
specified time conscious of a particular sensation, is a fact;

(g) "facts in issue" means and includes any fact from which, either by itself or
in connection with other facts, the existence, non-existence, nature or extent of any
right, liability or disability, asserted or denied in any suit or proceeding, necessarily
follows.

Explanation.—Whenever, under the provisions of the law for the time being
in force relating to civil procedure, any Court records an issue of fact, the fact to be
asserted or denied in the answer to such issue is a fact in issue.

Illustrations.

A is accused of the murder of B. At his trial, the following facts may be in issue:—

(i) That A caused B's death.

(ii) That A intended to cause B's death.

(iii) That A had received grave and sudden provocation from B.

(iv) ThatA, at the time of doing the act which caused B's death, was, by reason
of unsoundness of mind, incapable of knowing its nature;

(h) "may presume".—Whenever it is provided by thisAdhiniyam that the Court
may presume a fact, it may either regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is
disproved or may call for proof of it;

(i) "not proved".—A fact is said to be not proved when it is neither proved nor
disproved;

(j) "proved".—A fact is said to be proved when, after considering the matters
before it, the Court either believes it to exist, or considers its existence so probable
that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case, to act upon
the supposition that it exists;

(k) "relevant".—A fact is said to be relevant to another when it is connected
with the other in any of the ways referred to in the provisions of this Adhiniyam
relating to the relevancy of facts;

(l) "shall presume".—Whenever it is directed by this Adhiniyam that the
Court shall presume a fact, it shall regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is
disproved.

(2)Words and expressions used herein and not defined but defined in the Information
Technology Act, 2000, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and the Bharatiya
Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 shall have the same meanings as assigned to them in the saidAct and
Sanhitas.

PART II

CHAPTER II

RELEVANCY OF FACTS

3. Evidence may be given in any suit or proceeding of the existence or non-existence
of every fact in issue and of such other facts as are hereinafter declared to be relevant, and
of no others.

Explanation.—This section shall not enable any person to give evidence of a fact
which he is disentitled to prove by any provision of the law for the time being in force
relating to civil procedure.

Evidence may
be given of
facts in issue
and relevant
facts.

21 of 2000.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 3_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 3

2000 ꯒꯤ 21 ꯫

(iv) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯐꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ,
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯥꯟꯅ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ
ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯂꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(g) "ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ, ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ, ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ, ꯍꯛ, ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗꯕ, ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ
ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ-ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯖꯨꯌꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ,
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ पाउखमुꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ

A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ: -

(i) A ꯑꯁꯤꯅ B ꯁꯤꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯫

(ii) Aꯅ B ꯁꯤꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯈꯤ ꯫

(iii) Aꯅ Bꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯫

(iv) A ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, B ꯁꯤꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯠꯄꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫

(h) "ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫"-ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯫

(i) "ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤ" ꯫-ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯫

(j) "ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ" ꯫-ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯥꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯟꯅꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯗꯛꯨꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ, ꯈꯪ-ꯍꯩꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯫

(k) "ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ" ꯫-ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗ
ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯩ ꯫

(l) "ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ" ꯫-ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ, ꯃꯁꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯏꯟꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 2000, ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅꯒꯔꯤꯛ ꯁꯨꯔꯛꯁꯥ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, 2023 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯌ
ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, 2023ꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯇꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯔꯊꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯔꯨꯛ II

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ II

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ

꯳. ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯩꯇꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫- ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯖꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ
ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯐꯪꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ
ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫



Illustrations.

(a) A is tried for the murder of B by beating him with a club with the intention of
causing his death.

At A's trial the following facts are in issue:—

A's beating B with the club;

A's causing B's death by such beating;

A's intention to cause B's death.

(b) A suitor does not bring with him, and have in readiness for production at the first
hearing of the case, a bond on which he relies. This section does not enable him to produce
the bond or prove its contents at a subsequent stage of the proceedings, otherwise than in
accordance with the conditions prescribed by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.

Closely connected facts

4. Facts which, though not in issue, are so connected with a fact in issue or a
relevant fact as to form part of the same transaction, are relevant, whether they occurred at
the same time and place or at different times and places.

Illustrations.

(a) A is accused of the murder of B by beating him.Whatever was said or done byA
or B or the bystanders at the beating, or so shortly before or after it as to form part of the
transaction, is a relevant fact.

(b) A is accused of waging war against the Government of India by taking part in an
armed insurrection in which property is destroyed, troops are attacked and jails are broken
open. The occurrence of these facts is relevant, as forming part of the general transaction,
though Amay not have been present at all of them.

(c)A sues B for a libel contained in a letter forming part of a correspondence. Letters
between the parties relating to the subject out of which the libel arose, and forming part of
the correspondence in which it is contained, are relevant facts, though they do not contain
the libel itself.

(d) The question is, whether certain goods ordered from B were delivered to A. The
goods were delivered to several intermediate persons successively. Each delivery is a
relevant fact.

5. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect, immediate or otherwise, of relevant
facts, or facts in issue, or which constitute the state of things under which they happened,
or which afforded an opportunity for their occurrence or transaction, are relevant.

Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whether A robbed B. The facts that, shortly before the robbery,
B went to a fair with money in his possession, and that he showed it, or mentioned the fact
that he had it, to third persons, are relevant.

(b) The question is, whether A murdered B. Marks on the ground, produced by a
struggle at or near the place where the murder was committed, are relevant facts.

(c) The question is, whetherApoisoned B. The state of B's health before the symptoms
ascribed to poison, and habits of B, known to A, which afforded an opportunity for the
administration of poison, are relevant facts.

6. (1)Any fact is relevant which shows or constitutes a motive or preparation for any
fact in issue or relevant fact.

Relevancy of
facts forming
part of same
transaction.

Facts which are
occasion, cause
or effect of
facts in issue or
relevant facts.

Motive,
preparation
and previous
or subsequent
conduct.

5 of 1908.

4 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



4 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ
ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤ
ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ
ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯫

ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ, ꯃꯔꯝ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ
ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯑꯅꯤꯡꯕ,
ꯁꯦꯝ-ꯁꯥꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ
꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯤꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯆꯩꯇꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯊꯣꯝꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫

Aꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕꯗ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯂꯤ: -

Aꯅ ꯆꯩꯇꯨꯞꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯐꯔꯨꯤ;

Aꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯐꯗꯨꯅꯨ Bꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ ꯫

Aꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗꯤ Bꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯄ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯍꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡꯗ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯗꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩ, ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯀꯣꯗ ꯑꯣꯐ
ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯖꯨꯌꯔ, 1908ꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯇꯥꯡꯀꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ
ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯅꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ

꯴. ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ
ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯕꯨ ꯌꯩꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯫ A ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ B ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯩꯗꯅꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯌꯩꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯗ,ꯨ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯔ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯏꯕ ꯂꯥꯜꯍꯧ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯗꯅꯨ ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯥꯟ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ
ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤ, ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯟꯗꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯩꯁꯨꯝꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯒꯥꯨꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ A ꯌꯥꯎꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(c) ꯀꯣꯔꯦꯁꯄꯣꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛAꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯁꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯤꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯦꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯦꯁꯄꯣꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯇꯨꯗꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯦ꯫

(d) ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ, Bꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ A ꯗ ꯌꯧꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯊꯪ-ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ
ꯃꯔꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯌꯧꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯄꯨꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

꯵. ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯩ, ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ
ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ, Aꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯏꯀꯨꯏ ꯀꯨꯏꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ, Bꯅ ꯃꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯒ
ꯃꯦꯂꯥ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯅꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗ
ꯄꯟꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯦꯏ꯫

(b) ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ, Aꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤꯗꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯛꯨꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ, ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ
ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯇꯥꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯩꯃꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ꯫

(c) ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯤ, ꯑꯦꯅ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯍꯨ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯨ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯕꯤꯒꯤ
ꯍꯛꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯕ ꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯖꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ, ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

꯶. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯁꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫



(2) The conduct of any party, or of any agent to any party, to any suit or proceeding,
in reference to such suit or proceeding, or in reference to any fact in issue therein or relevant
thereto, and the conduct of any person, an offence against whom is the subject of any
proceeding, is relevant, if such conduct influences or is influenced by any fact in issue or
relevant fact, and whether it was previous or subsequent thereto.

Explanation 1.—The word "conduct" in this section does not include statements,
unless those statements accompany and explain acts other than statements; but this
explanation is not to affect the relevancy of statements under any other section of this
Adhiniyam.

Explanation 2.—When the conduct of any person is relevant, any statement made to
him or in his presence and hearing, which affects such conduct, is relevant.

Illustrations.

(a) Ais tried for the murder of B. The facts thatAmurdered C, that B knew thatAhad
murderedC, and that B had tried to extortmoney fromAby threatening tomake his knowledge
public, are relevant.

(b) A sues B upon a bond for the payment of money. B denies the making of the
bond. The fact that, at the time when the bond was alleged to be made, B required money for
a particular purpose, is relevant.

(c) A is tried for the murder of B by poison. The fact that, before the death of B, A
procured poison similar to that which was administered to B, is relevant.

(d) The question is, whether a certain document is the will of A. The facts that, not
long before, the date of the alleged will,Amade inquiry into matters to which the provisions
of the alleged will relate; that he consulted advocates in reference to making the will, and
that he caused drafts of other wills to be prepared, of which he did not approve, are relevant.

(e) A is accused of a crime. The facts that, either before, or at the time of, or after the
alleged crime, A provided evidence which would tend to give to the facts of the case an
appearance favourable to himself, or that he destroyed or concealed evidence, or prevented
the presence or procured the absence of persons who might have been witnesses, or
suborned persons to give false evidence respecting it, are relevant.

(f) The question is, whetherA robbed B. The facts that, after B was robbed, C said in
A's presence—"the police are coming to look for the person who robbed B", and that
immediately afterwardsA ran away, are relevant.

(g) The question is, whether A owes B ten thousand rupees. The facts that A asked
C to lend him money, and that D said to C inA's presence and hearing—"I advise you not
to trust A, for he owes B ten thousand rupees", and that A went away without making any
answer, are relevant facts.

(h) The question is, whether A committed a crime. The fact that A absconded, after
receiving a letter, warningA that inquiry was being made for the criminal, and the contents
of the letter, are relevant.

(i) A is accused of a crime. The facts that, after the commission of the alleged crime,
A absconded, or was in possession of property or the proceeds of property acquired by the
crime, or attempted to conceal things which were or might have been used in committing it,
are relevant.

(j) The question is, whetherAwas raped. The fact that, shortly after the alleged rape,
A made a complaint relating to the crime, the circumstances under which, and the terms in
which, the complaint was made, are relevant. The fact that, without making a complaint, A
said that A had been raped is not relevant as conduct under this section, though it may be
relevant as a dying declaration under clause (a) of section 26, or as corroborative evidence
under section 160.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 5_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 5

(꯲) ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯤꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ
ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯱.-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ "ꯀꯟꯗꯛꯠ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯦ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ
ꯁ꯭ ꯄ꯭ ꯂꯦꯟꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯲- ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯁꯤ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯗꯤ Aꯅ Cꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ Aꯅ Cꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ Bꯅ ꯈꯪꯂꯝꯃꯤ,
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯪꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯤꯍꯟꯗꯅꯨ Aꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯂꯤ꯫ Bꯅ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯗ ꯌꯥꯅꯤꯡꯗꯦ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, Bꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫

(c) A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯨ ꯄꯤꯖꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ B ꯁꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ, Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯖꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯨꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ Aꯅ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫

(d) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ A. ꯒꯤ ꯋꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯕ ꯋꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯨꯏꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ A. ꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤ; ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯋꯤꯜ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯎꯀꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯗ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯐꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯍꯟꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(e) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, Aꯅ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯄꯨ ꯆꯨꯅꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯣꯠꯇꯨꯅ
ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(f) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, Aꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Bꯅ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, Cꯅ Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ "ꯄꯂꯨꯤꯁꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯅꯨ Aꯅ ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(g) ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ, Aꯅ ꯕꯤ ꯒꯤ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯔꯥ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯤ Aꯅ Cꯗ ꯃꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Dꯅ Cꯗ A ꯈꯪꯅ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ-"ꯑꯩꯅ ꯅꯉꯣꯟꯗ Aꯕꯨ ꯊꯖꯥꯗꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ, ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ B
ꯒꯤ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯔꯥ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕ," ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Aꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯗꯅ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

(h) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯦꯅ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯑꯦꯕꯨ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯋꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(i) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯫ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, A ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ
ꯄꯥꯏꯈꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯕ
ꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯣꯠꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(j) ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ Aꯁꯤ ꯏꯖꯠ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯏꯖꯠ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯑꯊꯕꯨꯗ, Aꯅ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯑꯃ
ꯄꯤꯗꯅ, Aꯅ Aꯕꯨ ꯏꯖꯠ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯦ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯲꯶ꯒꯤ
ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯣꯖ (a)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯶꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ
ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯤꯚ ꯏꯚꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ꯫



(k) The question is, whether A was robbed. The fact that, soon after the alleged
robbery,Amade a complaint relating to the offence, the circumstances under which, and the
terms in which, the complaint was made, are relevant. The fact that A said he had been
robbed, without making any complaint, is not relevant, as conduct under this section,
though it may be relevant as a dying declaration under clause (a) of section 26, or as
corroborative evidence under section 160.

7. Facts necessary to explain or introduce a fact in issue or relevant fact, or which
support or rebut an inference suggested by a fact in issue or a relevant fact, or which
establish the identity of anything, or person whose identity, is relevant, or fix the time or
place at which any fact in issue or relevant fact happened, or which show the relation of
parties by whom any such fact was transacted, are relevant in so far as they are necessary
for that purpose.

Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whether a given document is the will of A. The state of A's
property and of his family at the date of the alleged will may be relevant facts.

(b) A sues B for a libel imputing disgraceful conduct to A; B affirms that the matter
alleged to be libellous is true. The position and relations of the parties at the time when the
libel was publishedmay be relevant facts as introductory to the facts in issue. The particulars
of a dispute betweenAand B about a matter unconnected with the alleged libel are irrelevant,
though the fact that there was a dispute may be relevant if it affected the relations between
A and B.

(c) A is accused of a crime. The fact that, soon after the commission of the crime, A
absconded from his house, is relevant under section 6, as conduct subsequent to and
affected by facts in issue. The fact that, at the time when he left home, A had sudden and
urgent business at the place to which he went, is relevant, as tending to explain the fact that
he left home suddenly. The details of the business on which he left are not relevant, except
in so far as they are necessary to show that the business was sudden and urgent.

(d) A sues B for inducing C to break a contract of service made by him withA. C, on
leaving A's service, says to A—"I am leaving you because B has made me a better offer".
This statement is a relevant fact as explanatory of C's conduct, which is relevant as a fact in
issue.

(e) A, accused of theft, is seen to give the stolen property to B, who is seen to give it
toA's wife. B says as he delivers it—"A says you are to hide this". B's statement is relevant
as explanatory of a fact which is part of the transaction.

(f)Ais tried for a riot and is proved to have marched at the head of a mob. The cries of
the mob are relevant as explanatory of the nature of the transaction.

8. Where there is reasonable ground to believe that two or more persons have
conspired together to commit an offence or an actionable wrong, anything said, done or
written by any one of such persons in reference to their common intention, after the time
when such intention was first entertained by any one of them, is a relevant fact as against
each of the persons believed to be so conspiring, as well for the purpose of proving the
existence of the conspiracy as for the purpose of showing that any such person was a party
to it.

Illustration.

Reasonable ground exists for believing thatAhas joined in a conspiracy to wage war
against the State.

The facts that B procured arms in Europe for the purpose of the conspiracy, C collected
money in Kolkata for a like object, D persuaded persons to join the conspiracy in Mumbai,
E published writings advocating the object in view atAgra, and F transmitted fromDelhi to

Facts
necessary to
explain or
introduce fact
in issue or
relevant facts.

Things said or
done by
conspirator in
reference to
common
design.

6 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



6 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ
ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ
ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯛ
ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯀꯃꯟ
ꯗꯤꯖꯏꯥꯟꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯔꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ
ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ꯫

(k) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯅꯨ, Aꯅ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ, ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯂꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ, ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯂꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯗꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯲꯶ꯒꯤ
ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯣꯖ (a) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯏꯡ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯶꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯀꯟꯐꯣꯔꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

꯷. ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ,
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯧꯒꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯡꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ, ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯅ Aꯒꯤ ꯋꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ A ꯂꯟꯊꯝꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯃꯡꯨ ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯄꯟꯂꯤꯕ ꯋꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ Aꯗ ꯂꯥꯟꯅ ꯂꯃꯖꯤꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ; Bꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯛ ꯊꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯦꯠꯁꯤꯜꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯁꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯅꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯗꯛꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯃꯁꯤꯅ A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

(c) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯅꯨ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯗꯒꯤ
ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 6ꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅ
ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, Aꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯦ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯔꯕꯥꯔꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗ,ꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ ꯏꯇꯤꯛ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯕꯃꯈꯩ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

(d) Aꯅ Cꯕꯨ Aꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯔꯚꯤꯁ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯒꯥꯨꯏꯕꯤ Bꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯂꯤ꯫ Cꯅ, Aꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯔꯚꯤꯁꯇꯨ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯄ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯍꯥꯏ - "ꯑꯩꯅ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯂꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ Bꯅ ꯑꯩꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯐꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤꯅꯤ"꯫

ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(e) ꯍꯨꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ Aꯅ ꯍꯨꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯉꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ Aꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯤꯗ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯉꯤ ꯫ Bꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯍꯥꯏ-"Aꯅ ꯅꯪ ꯂꯣꯠꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏ" ꯫ Bꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ
ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(f) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛꯇ ꯈꯣꯡꯆꯠ ꯆꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯤꯔꯥꯎꯈꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯁꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ
ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

꯸. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ
ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯟꯨꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ
ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ, ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ,
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

Aꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯥꯟ ꯍꯧꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯂꯩ ꯫

Bꯅ ꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞꯇ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ, Cꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗ ꯁꯦꯜ
ꯈꯣꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤ, Dꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯃꯝꯨꯕꯥꯏꯗ ꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯈꯤ, Eꯅ ꯑꯥꯒ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡꯗ ꯄꯣꯠꯇꯨꯕꯨ
ꯁꯧꯒꯠꯂꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗ Cꯅ ꯈꯣꯝꯒꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Hꯅ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝ
ꯄꯤꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ Fꯅ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯗꯒꯤ Gꯗ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯔꯨꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ Aꯒꯤ ꯆꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕꯅꯤ,



G at Singapore the money which C had collected at Kolkata, and the contents of a letter
written by H giving an account of the conspiracy, are each relevant, both to prove the
existence of the conspiracy, and to prove A's complicity in it, although he may have been
ignorant of all of them, and although the persons by whom they were done were strangers
to him, and although they may have taken place before he joined the conspiracy or after he
left it.

9. Facts not otherwise relevant are relevant—

(1) if they are inconsistent with any fact in issue or relevant fact;

(2) if by themselves or in connection with other facts they make the existence or
non-existence of any fact in issue or relevant fact highly probable or improbable.

Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whether A committed a crime at Chennai on a certain day.
The fact that, on that day, A was at Ladakh is relevant. The fact that, near the time
when the crime was committed, A was at a distance from the place where it was
committed, which would render it highly improbable, though not impossible, that he
committed it, is relevant.

(b) The question is, whetherA committed a crime. The circumstances are such
that the crime must have been committed either by A, B, C or D. Every fact which
shows that the crime could have been committed by no one else, and that it was not
committed by either B, C or D, is relevant.

10. In suits in which damages are claimed, any fact which will enable the Court to
determine the amount of damages which ought to be awarded, is relevant.

11. Where the question is as to the existence of any right or custom, the following
facts are relevant—

(a) any transaction by which the right or custom in question was created,
claimed, modified, recognised, asserted or denied, or which was inconsistent with its
existence;

(b) particular instances in which the right or custom was claimed, recognised
or exercised, or in which its exercise was disputed, asserted or departed from.

Illustration.

The question is, whether A has a right to a fishery. A deed conferring the fishery on
A's ancestors, a mortgage of the fishery byA's father, a subsequent grant of the fishery by
A's father, irreconcilable with themortgage, particular instances in whichA's father exercised
the right, or in which the exercise of the right was stopped by A's neighbours, are relevant
facts.

12. Facts showing the existence of any state of mind, such as intention, knowledge,
good faith, negligence, rashness, ill-will or goodwill towards any particular person, or
showing the existence of any state of body or bodily feeling, are relevant, when the existence
of any such state of mind or body or bodily feeling is in issue or relevant.

Explanation 1.—A fact relevant as showing the existence of a relevant state of mind
must show that the state of mind exists, not generally, but in reference to the particular
matter in question.

Explanation 2.—But where, upon the trial of a person accused of an offence, the
previous commission by the accused of an offence is relevant within the meaning of this
section, the previous conviction of such person shall also be a relevant fact.

When facts
not otherwise
relevant
become
relevant.

Facts tending
to enable Court
to determine
amount are
relevant in suits
for damages.

Facts relevant
when right or
custom is in
question.

Facts showing
existence of
state of mind,
or of body or
bodily feeling.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 7_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 7

ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯪꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ
ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯹. ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ -

(꯱) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ;

(꯲) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯩꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ, Aꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯦꯟꯅꯥꯏꯗ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯗꯥꯈꯇ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ, A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯞꯅ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ
ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯅꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯅ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ A, B, C ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯅ
ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ B, C ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ D ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯅ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯦ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

꯱꯰. ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ
ꯉꯝꯍꯟꯒꯗꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

꯱꯱. ꯍꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ -

(a) ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯍꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ, ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ, ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ, ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯌꯥꯗꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ;

(b) ꯍꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ
ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ, ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, Aꯒꯤ ꯉꯥ ꯐꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ-ꯃꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯗ ꯉꯥ ꯐꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ, Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯅ ꯉꯥ
ꯐꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ,Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯅ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯉꯥ ꯐꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯣꯔ꯭ ꯒꯦꯖ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯁꯝꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ, Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯅ ꯍꯛ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ Aꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯲. ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ, ꯈꯡꯕ, ꯑꯐꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ,
ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯗꯕ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯊꯅꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ
ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯱ - ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯲ - ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ
ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ
ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯁꯨꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯄ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ
ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ
ꯉꯝꯍꯟꯅꯕ
ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯈꯟꯅꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ,
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫



Illustrations.

(a)Ais accused of receiving stolen goods knowing them to be stolen. It is proved that
he was in possession of a particular stolen article. The fact that, at the same time, he was in
possession of many other stolen articles is relevant, as tending to show that he knew each
and all of the articles of which he was in possession to be stolen.

(b) A is accused of fraudulently delivering to another person a counterfeit currency
which, at the time when he delivered it, he knew to be counterfeit. The fact that, at the time
of its delivery, A was possessed of a number of other pieces of counterfeit currency is
relevant. The fact that A had been previously convicted of delivering to another person as
genuine a counterfeit currency knowing it to be counterfeit is relevant.

(c)A sues B for damage done by a dog of B's, which B knew to be ferocious. The fact
that the dog had previously bitten X, Y and Z, and that they had made complaints to B, are
relevant.

(d) The question is, whetherA, the acceptor of a bill of exchange, knew that the name
of the payee was fictitious. The fact that A had accepted other bills drawn in the same
manner before they could have been transmitted to him by the payee if the payee had been
a real person, is relevant, as showing that A knew that the payee was a fictitious person.

(e) A is accused of defaming B by publishing an imputation intended to harm the
reputation of B. The fact of previous publications byA respecting B, showing ill-will on the
part of A towards B is relevant, as proving A's intention to harm B's reputation by the
particular publication in question. The facts that there was no previous quarrel betweenA
and B, and thatA repeated the matter complained of as he heard it, are relevant, as showing
that A did not intend to harm the reputation of B.

(f) A is sued by B for fraudulently representing to B that C was solvent, whereby B,
being induced to trust C, who was insolvent, suffered loss. The fact that, at the time when
A represented C to be solvent, C was supposed to be solvent by his neighbours and by
persons dealing with him, is relevant, as showing that A made the representation in good
faith.

(g)A is sued by B for the price of work done by B, upon a house of whichA is owner,
by the order of C, a contractor. A's defence is that B's contract was with C. The fact that A
paid C for the work in question is relevant, as proving thatAdid, in good faith, make over to
C the management of the work in question, so that C was in a position to contract with B on
C's own account, and not as agent for A.

(h) A is accused of the dishonest misappropriation of property which he had found,
and the question is whether, when he appropriated it, he believed in good faith that the real
owner could not be found. The fact that public notice of the loss of the property had been
given in the place whereAwas, is relevant, as showing that A did not in good faith believe
that the real owner of the property could not be found. The fact that A knew, or had reason
to believe, that the notice was given fraudulently by C, who had heard of the loss of the
property and wished to set up a false claim to it, is relevant, as showing that the fact that A
knew of the notice did not disprove A's good faith.

(i)A is charged with shooting at B with intent to kill him. In order to showA's intent,
the fact of A's having previously shot at B may be proved.

(j) A is charged with sending threatening letters to B. Threatening letters previously
sent by A to B may be proved, as showing the intention of the letters.

(k) The question is, whether A has been guilty of cruelty towards B, his wife.
Expressions of their feeling towards each other shortly before or after the alleged cruelty are
relevant facts.

(l) The question is, whether A's death was caused by poison. Statements made by A
during his illness as to his symptoms are relevant facts.

8 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



8 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯨꯔꯔꯥꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ Aꯕꯨ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ
ꯍꯣꯟꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯣꯟꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯣꯠ
ꯀꯌꯥꯁꯨ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯣꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ
ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯫

(b) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯂꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ A ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(c) Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯍꯨꯍ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯇꯂꯃꯤ,ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯕꯤ ꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ
ꯈꯡꯂꯝꯃꯤ,ꯍꯨꯍ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯥꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯀꯁ,ꯋꯥꯍ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯖꯦꯇ ꯆꯤꯛꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯊꯡꯥꯒꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫

(d) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯁꯦꯜ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ Aꯅ, ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, Aꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯕꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ Aꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯫

(e) A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯗꯅꯨ Bꯕꯨ ꯏꯀꯥꯏꯈꯝꯨꯅꯕ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ Bꯤꯕꯨ
ꯏꯀꯥꯏ ꯈꯝꯨꯅꯕ ꯎꯠꯂꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ, Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯎꯠꯄ
ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Aꯅ ꯇꯥꯕꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ
ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ
ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫

(f) A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯗ ꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯜꯚꯦꯟꯠꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯟꯅ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ,ꯍꯅꯁꯣꯜꯚꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯣꯍꯕ ꯁꯤ
ꯊꯖꯥꯔꯨꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯕꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫Aꯅꯥ Cꯕꯨ ꯁꯣꯜꯚꯦꯟꯠꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯗꯤ ꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯊꯪꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ
ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯜꯚꯦꯟꯠꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯆꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ Aꯅ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯅꯤ꯫

(g) ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ Aꯅ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯕꯤꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯅ ꯑꯦꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫ B ꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ Aꯅ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯆꯅꯕ
ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ꯫ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ Aꯅ Cꯗ ꯄꯩꯁꯥ ꯄꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯆꯥꯏ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯟ ꯂꯥꯡꯅꯕ Aꯅ Cꯗ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ
ꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ Cꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯟꯇꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯤ,ꯑꯗꯒꯨ Aꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫

(h) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯗ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯅꯨꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯗ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ, Aꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯗ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ Aꯅ
ꯈꯪꯈꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯥꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯈꯤꯕ Cꯅ
ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ Aꯅ ꯈꯡꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ
ꯑꯦꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫

(i) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ Bꯗ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯩ ꯀꯥꯞꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ, Aꯅ
ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ Bꯗ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯩ ꯀꯥꯞꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(j) A ꯑꯁꯤ B ꯗ ꯀꯤꯍꯟꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯕꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯫ Aꯅ B ꯗ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯈꯥꯤꯕ ꯀꯤꯍꯟꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗ,ꯨ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(k) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, Aꯅ ꯕꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯤꯗ ꯑꯣꯠ-ꯅꯩꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯠ-ꯃꯤꯅꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯒ-ꯑꯃꯒꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ
ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

(l) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, Aꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯨꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯅꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫



(m) The question is, what was the state ofA's health at the time when an assurance on
his life was effected. Statements made byAas to the state of his health at or near the time in
question are relevant facts.

(n) A sues B for negligence in providing him with a car for hire not reasonably fit for
use, wherebyAwas injured. The fact that B's attention was drawn on other occasions to the
defect of that particular car is relevant. The fact that B was habitually negligent about the
cars which he let to hire is irrelevant.

(o)A is tried for the murder of B by intentionally shooting him dead.The fact thatAon
other occasions shot at B is relevant as showing his intention to shoot B. The fact that A
was in the habit of shooting at people with intent to murder them is irrelevant.

(p) A is tried for a crime. The fact that he said something indicating an intention to
commit that particular crime is relevant. The fact that he said something indicating a general
disposition to commit crimes of that class is irrelevant.

13. When there is a question whether an act was accidental or intentional, or done
with a particular knowledge or intention, the fact that such act formed part of a series of
similar occurrences, in each of which the person doing the act was concerned, is relevant.

Illustrations.

(a) A is accused of burning down his house in order to obtain money for which it is
insured. The facts that A lived in several houses successively each of which he insured, in
each of which a fire occurred, and after each of which fires A received payment from a
different insurance company, are relevant, as tending to show that the fires were not
accidental.

(b)Ais employed to receivemoney from the debtors of B. It isA's duty tomake entries
in a book showing the amounts received by him. He makes an entry showing that on a
particular occasion he received less than he really did receive. The question is, whether this
false entry was accidental or intentional. The facts that other entries made byA in the same
book are false, and that the false entry is in each case in favour of A, are relevant.

(c) A is accused of fraudulently delivering to B a counterfeit currency. The question
is, whether the delivery of the currency was accidental. The facts that, soon before or soon
after the delivery to B, A delivered counterfeit currency to C, D and E are relevant, as
showing that the delivery to B was not accidental.

14. When there is a question whether a particular act was done, the existence of any
course of business, according to which it naturally would have been done, is a relevant fact.

Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whether a particular letter was dispatched. The facts that it was
the ordinary course of business for all letters put in a certain place to be carried to the post,
and that particular letter was put in that place are relevant.

(b) The question is, whether a particular letter reachedA. The facts that it was posted
in due course, and was not returned through the Return Letter Office, are relevant.

Admissions

15. An admission is a statement, oral or documentary or contained in electronic form,
which suggests any inference as to any fact in issue or relevant fact, and which is made by
any of the persons, and under the circumstances, hereinafter mentioned.

16. (1) Statements made by a party to the proceeding, or by an agent to any such
party, whom the Court regards, under the circumstances of the case, as expressly or impliedly
authorised by him to make them, are admissions.

Facts bearing
on question
whether act
was accidental
or intentional.

Existence of
course of
business when
relevant.

Admission
defined.

Admission by
party to
proceeding or
his agent.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 9_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 9

(m) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯟꯨꯁꯤꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ A. ꯒꯤ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ
ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯅꯥꯛ ꯅꯛꯄꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ A ꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ
꯫

(n) Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯒꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯗꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯗꯨ Aꯅ ꯁꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ Bꯒꯤ
ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯒꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ Bꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ
ꯒꯥꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯗꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

(o) ꯊꯑꯥꯣꯍꯅꯥBꯕꯨ ꯀꯥꯄꯇꯨꯅ ꯍꯥꯇꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯀ A ꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯇꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯩ ꯀꯥꯞꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯩ ꯀꯥꯞꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯩ
ꯀꯥꯞꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯩꯅꯕꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

(p) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯗꯅꯨ
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯗꯅꯨ
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯳. ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯒ
ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ
ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯅ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯁꯣꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯩ ꯊꯈꯥꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯊꯪ-ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯌꯨꯝ
ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ,ꯌꯨꯃ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯟꯁꯣꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ,ꯌꯨꯃ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯃꯩ ꯊꯛꯥꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ
ꯏꯟꯁꯣꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯫

(b) A ꯑꯁꯤ B ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯗꯣꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯗꯅꯨ
ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ A ꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ
ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯟꯊꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯗ A ꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ
ꯑꯦꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯑꯦ ꯒꯤ ꯁꯧꯒꯠꯄꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(c) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯅꯠꯇꯔꯒ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, Aꯅ C, D ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Eꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯴. ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯗꯧꯕ
ꯂꯂꯣꯟ ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯡꯥ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯍꯂ꯭ ꯁ꯭ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯔꯥꯛꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ ꯠ
ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯄꯁꯨꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ A. ꯗ ꯌꯧꯔꯛꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ ꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯔꯤꯇꯔꯟ ꯂꯦꯇꯔ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ

꯱꯵. ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯔꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ,
ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤ ꯫

꯱꯶. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ
ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯔꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ
ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯇꯧꯒꯦꯅ ꯇꯧꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯂꯂꯣꯟ ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯐꯝ
ꯂꯩꯕ ꯫

ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ
ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫

ꯄꯥꯕꯇꯤꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯟ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ
ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯕ ꯫



(2) Statements made by—

(i) parties to suits suing or sued in a representative character, are not admissions,
unless they were made while the party making them held that character; or

(ii) (a) persons who have any proprietary or pecuniary interest in the subject
matter of the proceeding, and whomake the statement in their character of persons so
interested; or

(b) persons from whom the parties to the suit have derived their interest in the
subject matter of the suit,

are admissions, if they are made during the continuance of the interest of the persons
making the statements.

17. Statements made by persons whose position or liability, it is necessary to prove
as against any party to the suit, are admissions, if such statements would be relevant as
against such persons in relation to such position or liability in a suit brought by or against
them, and if they are made whilst the person making them occupies such position or is
subject to such liability.

Illustration.

Aundertakes to collect rents for B. B suesA for not collecting rent due from C to B.A
denies that rent was due from C to B.A statement by C that he owed B rent is an admission,
and is a relevant fact as against A, if A denies that C did owe rent to B.

18. Statements made by persons to whom a party to the suit has expressly referred
for information in reference to a matter in dispute are admissions.

Illustration.

The question is, whether a horse sold by A to B is sound.

A says to B—"Go and ask C, C knows all about it". C's statement is an admission.

19. Admissions are relevant and may be proved as against the person who makes
them, or his representative in interest; but they cannot be proved by or on behalf of the
person who makes them or by his representative in interest, except in the following cases,
namely:—

(1) an admission may be proved by or on behalf of the person making it, when
it is of such a nature that, if the person making it were dead, it would be relevant as
between third persons under section 26;

(2) an admission may be proved by or on behalf of the person making it, when
it consists of a statement of the existence of any state of mind or body, relevant or in
issue, made at or about the time when such state of mind or body existed, and is
accompanied by conduct rendering its falsehood improbable;

(3) an admission may be proved by or on behalf of the person making it, if it is
relevant otherwise than as an admission.

Illustrations.

(a) The question between A and B is, whether a certain deed is or is not forged. A
affirms that it is genuine, B that it is forged.Amay prove a statement by B that the deed is
genuine, and B may prove a statement by A that deed is forged; but A cannot prove a
statement by himself that the deed is genuine, nor can B prove a statement by himself that
the deed is forged.

(b) A, the captain of a ship, is tried for casting her away. Evidence is given to show
that the ship was taken out of her proper course. A produces a book kept by him in the
ordinary course of his business showing observations alleged to have been taken by him

Admissions by
persons whose
position must
be proved as
against party
to suit.

Admissions by
persons
expressly
referred to by
party to suit.

Proof of
admissions
against persons
making them,
and by or on
their behalf.

10 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



10 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ
ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯕꯤꯕ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯒꯤ
ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ
ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯅ ꯁ꯭ ꯌꯨꯠ
ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ
ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯄꯟꯈꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ
ꯃꯤꯡ ꯆꯟꯕ ꯫

ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ,
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ
ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ
ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ
ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
꯫

(꯲) ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ -

(i) ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ
ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯗꯦ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ

(ii) (a) ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯍꯤꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ,
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯗꯛꯨꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯄꯥꯝꯖꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ

(b) ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯇ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯀꯤ ꯍꯤꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯗ,ꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯷. ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ
ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ
ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ,
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯈꯣꯝꯒꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯏꯈꯠꯂꯤ ꯫ Bꯅ Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ C ꯗꯒꯤ B. Aꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯅ꯭ ꯇ ꯈꯣꯝꯒꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ
ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ Cꯅ ꯔꯦꯅ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ Cꯗꯒꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯅ꯭ ꯇ ꯂꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯅ꯭ ꯇ ꯂꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ
ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯅ꯭ ꯇ ꯂꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯸. ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ
ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯁꯥꯒꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫

Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ-"ꯆꯠꯂꯨ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ Cꯗ ꯍꯪꯕꯤꯌꯨ, Cꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯈꯪꯏ" ꯫ ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯹. ꯟꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ
ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯖꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ, ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ: -

(꯱) ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 26ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯁꯨꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ;

(꯲) ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ
ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(꯳) ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯍꯁ꯭ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁ ꯫

(a) A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯍꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯏ, Bꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯅ Bꯅ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ Aꯅ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯕꯤꯅ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯨ
ꯉꯝꯗꯦ ꯫

(b) ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯞꯇꯦꯟ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯗꯒꯤ
ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ
ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯕꯖꯔꯕꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ,



from day to day, and indicating that the ship was not taken out of her proper course. Amay
prove these statements, because they would be admissible between third parties, if he were
dead, under clause (b) of section 26.

(c)A is accused of a crime committed by him at Kolkata. He produces a letter written
by himself and dated at Chennai on that day, and bearing the Chennai post-mark of that day.
The statement in the date of the letter is admissible, because, if A were dead, it would be
admissible under clause (b) of section 26.

(d) A is accused of receiving stolen goods knowing them to be stolen. He offers to
prove that he refused to sell them below their value.Amay prove these statements, though
they are admissions, because they are explanatory of conduct influenced by facts in issue.

(e) A is accused of fraudulently having in his possession counterfeit currency which
he knew to be counterfeit. He offers to prove that he asked a skilful person to examine the
currency as he doubted whether it was counterfeit or not, and that person did examine it
and told him it was genuine. Amay prove these facts.

20. Oral admissions as to the contents of a document are not relevant, unless and
until the party proposing to prove them shows that he is entitled to give secondary evidence
of the contents of such document under the rules hereinafter contained, or unless the
genuineness of a document produced is in question.

21. In civil cases no admission is relevant, if it is made either upon an express condition
that evidence of it is not to be given, or under circumstances fromwhich the Court can infer
that the parties agreed together that evidence of it should not be given.

Explanation.—Nothing in this section shall be taken to exempt any advocate from
giving evidence of any matter of which he may be compelled to give evidence under
sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 132.

22. A confession made by an accused person is irrelevant in a criminal proceeding, if
the making of the confession appears to the Court to have been caused by any inducement,
threat, coercion or promise having reference to the charge against the accused person,
proceeding from a person in authority and sufficient, in the opinion of the Court, to give the
accused person grounds which would appear to him reasonable for supposing that by
making it he would gain any advantage or avoid any evil of a temporal nature in reference to
the proceedings against him:

Provided that if the confession is made after the impression caused by any such
inducement, threat, coercion or promise has, in the opinion of the Court, been fully removed,
it is relevant:

Provided further that if such a confession is otherwise relevant, it does not become
irrelevant merely because it was made under a promise of secrecy, or in consequence of a
deception practised on the accused person for the purpose of obtaining it, or when he was
drunk, or because it was made in answer to questions which he need not have answered,
whatever may have been the form of those questions, or because he was not warned that he
was not bound to make such confession, and that evidence of it might be given against him.

23. (1) No confession made to a police officer shall be proved as against a person
accused of any offence.

(2) No confession made by any person while he is in the custody of a police officer,
unless it is made in the immediate presence of a Magistrate shall be proved against him:

When oral
admissions as
to contents of
documents are
relevant.

Admissions in
civil cases
when relevant.

Confession
caused by
inducement,
threat,
coercion or
promise, when
irrelevant in
criminal
proceeding.

Confession to
police officer.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 11_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 11

ꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ,
ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯁꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 26ꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯣꯖ (ꯕꯤ) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯁꯨꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ
꯫

(c) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ
ꯆꯦꯟꯅꯥꯏꯗ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯆꯦꯟꯅꯥꯏ ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ ꯠ-ꯃꯥꯔꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ ꯫

ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ A ꯁꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 26ꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯣꯖ (b) ꯒꯤ
ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(d) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯈꯪꯂꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ
ꯃꯃꯜꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯟꯊꯅ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯈꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ
ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

(e) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯝꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯊꯨꯡꯥꯗ ꯂꯥꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ
ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ
ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯲꯰. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯫

꯲꯱. ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ
ꯁꯦꯡꯂꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ
ꯌꯥꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ - ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 132ꯒꯤ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (1) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ (2) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯧꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

꯲꯲. ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯅ
ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ
ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯤꯕ, ꯀꯤꯍꯟꯕ, ꯅꯝꯊꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ
ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ, ꯃꯔꯥꯜ
ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯐꯪꯒꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯍꯟꯕ, ꯀꯤꯍꯟꯕ, ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯍꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯅ
ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯄꯡꯨꯐꯥꯅ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ:

ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ
ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ
ꯁꯦꯟꯖ-ꯥꯊꯝꯨꯖꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯌꯨ ꯊꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯥꯑꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯑꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅ, ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯋꯥ ꯄꯤꯗꯕꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ
ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

꯲꯳. (꯱) ꯄꯂꯨꯤꯁ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

(꯲) ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯂꯨꯤꯁ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯐꯥꯗꯣꯛꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠ
ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯅꯨ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ:

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ
ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯫

ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ
ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯕ ꯫

ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟ꯭ ꯁꯇ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ
ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯤꯕ,
ꯀꯤꯍꯟꯕ, ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ
ꯇꯧꯍꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯅ
ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ
ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯁꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯄꯂꯨꯤꯁ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔꯗ
ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯤꯕ ꯫



Provided that when any fact is deposed to as discovered in consequence of information
received from a person accused of any offence, in the custody of a police officer, so much
of such information, whether it amounts to a confession or not, as relates distinctly to the
fact discovered, may be proved.

24. When more persons than one are being tried jointly for the same offence, and a
confession made by one of such persons affecting himself and some other of such persons
is proved, the Court may take into consideration such confession as against such other
person as well as against the person who makes such confession.

Explanation I.—"Offence", as used in this section, includes the abetment of, or
attempt to commit, the offence.

Explanation II.—A trial of more persons than one held in the absence of the accused
who has absconded or who fails to comply with a proclamation issued under section 84 of
the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 shall be deemed to be a joint trial for the
purpose of this section.

Illustrations.

(a) A and B are jointly tried for the murder of C. It is proved that A said—"B and I
murdered C". The Court may consider the effect of this confession as against B.

(b)A is on his trial for the murder of C. There is evidence to show that C wasmurdered
by A and B, and that B said—"A and I murdered C". This statement may not be taken into
consideration by the Court against A, as B is not being jointly tried.

25. Admissions are not conclusive proof of the matters admitted but theymay operate
as estoppels under the provisions hereinafter contained.

Statements by persons who cannot be called as witnesses

26. Statements, written or verbal, of relevant facts made by a person who is dead, or
who cannot be found, or who has become incapable of giving evidence, or whose attendance
cannot be procured without an amount of delay or expense which under the circumstances
of the case appears to the Court unreasonable, are themselves relevant facts in the following
cases, namely:—

(a) when the statement is made by a person as to the cause of his death, or as
to any of the circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death, in cases in
which the cause of that person's death comes into question. Such statements are
relevant whether the person who made them was or was not, at the time when they
were made, under expectation of death, and whatever may be the nature of the
proceeding in which the cause of his death comes into question;

(b) when the statement was made by such person in the ordinary course of
business, and in particular when it consists of any entry or memorandummade by him
in books kept in the ordinary course of business, or in the discharge of professional
duty; or of an acknowledgement written or signed by him of the receipt of money,
goods, securities or property of any kind; or of a document used in commerce written
or signed by him; or of the date of a letter or other document usually dated, written or
signed by him;

(c) when the statement is against the pecuniary or proprietary interest of the
person making it, or when, if true, it would expose him or would have exposed him to
a criminal prosecution or to a suit for damages;

(d) when the statement gives the opinion of any such person, as to the existence
of any public right or custom or matter of public or general interest, of the existence of
which, if it existed, he would have been likely to be aware, and when such statement
was made before any controversy as to such right, custom or matter had arisen;

Consideration
of proved
confession
affecting
person making
it and others
jointly under
trial for same
offence.

Admissions
not conclusive
proof, but
may estop.

Cases in which
statement of
relevant fact
by person who
is dead or
cannot be
found, etc., is
relevant.

12 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



(e) when the statement relates to the existence of any relationship by blood,
marriage or adoption between persons as to whose relationship by blood, marriage or
adoption the person making the statement had special means of knowledge, and
when the statement was made before the question in dispute was raised;

(f) when the statement relates to the existence of any relationship by blood,
marriage or adoption between persons deceased, and is made in any will or deed
relating to the affairs of the family to which any such deceased person belonged, or in
any family pedigree, or upon any tombstone, family portrait or other thing on which
such statements are usually made, and when such statement was made before the
question in dispute was raised;

(g) when the statement is contained in any deed, will or other document which
relates to any such transaction as is specified in clause (a) of section 11;

(h) when the statement was made by a number of persons, and expressed
feelings or impressions on their part relevant to the matter in question.

Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whetherAwas murdered by B; orA dies of injuries received in a
transaction in the course of which she was raped. The question is whether she was raped
by B; or the question is, whether A was killed by B under such circumstances that a suit
would lie against B byA's widow. Statements made byAas to the cause of his or her death,
referring respectively to the murder, the rape and the actionable wrong under consideration,
are relevant facts.

(b) The question is as to the date of A's birth. An entry in the diary of a deceased
surgeon regularly kept in the course of business, stating that, on a given day he attended
A's mother and delivered her of a son, is a relevant fact.

(c) The question is, whetherAwas in Nagpur on a given day.A statement in the diary
of a deceased solicitor, regularly kept in the course of business, that on a given day the
solicitor attendedAat a place mentioned, in Nagpur, for the purpose of conferring with him
upon specified business, is a relevant fact.

(d) The question is, whether a ship sailed from Mumbai harbour on a given day. A
letter written by a deceasedmember of a merchant's firm bywhich she was chartered to their
correspondents in Chennai, to whom the cargo was consigned, stating that the ship sailed
on a given day from Mumbai port, is a relevant fact.

(e) The question is, whether rent was paid to A for certain land. A letter from A's
deceased agent to A, saying that he had received the rent on A's account and held it at A's
orders is a relevant fact.

(f) The question is, whetherAand Bwere legally married. The statement of a deceased
clergyman that he married them under such circumstances that the celebration would be a
crime is relevant.

(g) The question is, whether A, a person who cannot be found, wrote a letter on a
certain day. The fact that a letter written by him is dated on that day is relevant.

(h) The question is, what was the cause of the wreck of a ship. A protest made by the
captain, whose attendance cannot be procured, is a relevant fact.

(i) The question is, whether a given road is a public way.A statement byA, a deceased
headman of the village, that the road was public, is a relevant fact.

(j) The question is, what was the price of grain on a certain day in a particular market.
A statement of the price, made by a deceased business person in the ordinary course of his
business, is a relevant fact.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 13_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



12 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ
ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ
ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ
ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯕ
ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯗ
ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ
ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯟꯁꯟꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯡ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯛꯄ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ,
ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ
ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯐꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯠ-ꯃꯤꯅꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯄꯥꯎꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯂꯨꯤꯁ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ
ꯀꯁ꯭ ꯇꯗꯤꯗ ꯐꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯎꯠꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯐꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯣꯏꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯲꯴. ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯈꯔꯕꯨ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯗꯁꯨꯨ
ꯈꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ I.-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ "ꯑꯣꯐꯦꯟ꯭ ꯁ" ꯑꯁꯤꯗ, ꯑꯣꯐꯦꯟ꯭ ꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯍꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ II-ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅꯥꯒꯔꯤꯛ ꯁꯨꯔꯛꯁꯥ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯸꯴ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ
ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕꯗ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ B ꯑꯁꯤ Cꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ Aꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ-"B ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯑꯩꯅ ꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤ" ꯫ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯈꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ Cꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ C ꯑꯁꯤ A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ
ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ-"A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯩꯅ Cꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤ" ꯫ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯈꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ B ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯟꯨꯅ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯗꯦ ꯫

꯲꯵. ꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ
ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ

꯲꯶. ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐꯪꯗꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯨꯏꯗꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯗꯅ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ: -

(a) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯫ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ
ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯊꯝꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ
ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯗ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯤ
ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯟꯗ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯜ, ꯄꯣꯠ,
ꯁꯦꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄꯩꯁꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ;
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯇꯥꯡ, ꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯡ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ;

(c) ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯎꯠꯊꯣꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯇ ꯄꯍꯨꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯅꯤ;

(d) ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ,
ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯈꯪꯂꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯛ, ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ
ꯊꯣꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;



(e) when the statement relates to the existence of any relationship by blood,
marriage or adoption between persons as to whose relationship by blood, marriage or
adoption the person making the statement had special means of knowledge, and
when the statement was made before the question in dispute was raised;

(f) when the statement relates to the existence of any relationship by blood,
marriage or adoption between persons deceased, and is made in any will or deed
relating to the affairs of the family to which any such deceased person belonged, or in
any family pedigree, or upon any tombstone, family portrait or other thing on which
such statements are usually made, and when such statement was made before the
question in dispute was raised;

(g) when the statement is contained in any deed, will or other document which
relates to any such transaction as is specified in clause (a) of section 11;

(h) when the statement was made by a number of persons, and expressed
feelings or impressions on their part relevant to the matter in question.

Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whetherAwas murdered by B; orA dies of injuries received in a
transaction in the course of which she was raped. The question is whether she was raped
by B; or the question is, whether A was killed by B under such circumstances that a suit
would lie against B byA's widow. Statements made byAas to the cause of his or her death,
referring respectively to the murder, the rape and the actionable wrong under consideration,
are relevant facts.

(b) The question is as to the date of A's birth. An entry in the diary of a deceased
surgeon regularly kept in the course of business, stating that, on a given day he attended
A's mother and delivered her of a son, is a relevant fact.

(c) The question is, whetherAwas in Nagpur on a given day.A statement in the diary
of a deceased solicitor, regularly kept in the course of business, that on a given day the
solicitor attendedAat a place mentioned, in Nagpur, for the purpose of conferring with him
upon specified business, is a relevant fact.

(d) The question is, whether a ship sailed from Mumbai harbour on a given day. A
letter written by a deceasedmember of a merchant's firm bywhich she was chartered to their
correspondents in Chennai, to whom the cargo was consigned, stating that the ship sailed
on a given day from Mumbai port, is a relevant fact.

(e) The question is, whether rent was paid to A for certain land. A letter from A's
deceased agent to A, saying that he had received the rent on A's account and held it at A's
orders is a relevant fact.

(f) The question is, whetherAand Bwere legally married. The statement of a deceased
clergyman that he married them under such circumstances that the celebration would be a
crime is relevant.

(g) The question is, whether A, a person who cannot be found, wrote a letter on a
certain day. The fact that a letter written by him is dated on that day is relevant.

(h) The question is, what was the cause of the wreck of a ship. A protest made by the
captain, whose attendance cannot be procured, is a relevant fact.

(i) The question is, whether a given road is a public way.A statement byA, a deceased
headman of the village, that the road was public, is a relevant fact.

(j) The question is, what was the price of grain on a certain day in a particular market.
A statement of the price, made by a deceased business person in the ordinary course of his
business, is a relevant fact.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 13_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 13

(e) ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏ, ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯣꯛꯈꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯏ, ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯣꯛꯈꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯣꯏꯗꯣꯛꯍꯦꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ
ꯈꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(f) ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏ, ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯌꯣꯛꯈꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯏꯃꯡꯨꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯤꯜ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏꯃꯡꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ-ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ
ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯡ, ꯏꯃꯡꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ
ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(g) ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯱ꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯣꯖ (a) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯗ, ꯋꯤꯜ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(h) ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ
ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯅ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ Aꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯔꯦꯄ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ
ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ Bꯅ ꯔꯦꯄ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯦꯅ ꯕꯤꯒꯤ
ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ Aꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯗ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ Aꯅ
ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯊꯪꯁꯤꯠꯅ ꯍꯥꯠ ꯇꯧꯕ, ꯔꯦꯄ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ, ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ Aꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯁꯔꯖꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯤꯗ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯒ ꯎꯅꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(c) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯥꯒꯄꯔꯨꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯒꯗ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯁꯣꯂꯤꯁꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯤꯗ,
ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯣꯜꯁꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ
ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯟꯅꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯅꯥꯒꯄꯔꯨꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯦꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(d) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯝꯨꯕꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯊꯐꯥꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ
ꯃꯝꯨꯕꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯊꯐꯥꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯗꯅꯨ, ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯦꯟꯅꯥꯏꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ
ꯄꯥꯎꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯦꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯐꯥꯔ꯭ ꯝꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ, ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯝꯨꯕꯥꯏꯒꯤ
ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯊꯐꯥꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(e) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯂꯝꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ A ꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯦ ꯗ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ
ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ A ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯠꯇ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ A ꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(f) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ B ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯗ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(g) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯐꯪꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ Aꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ
ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯇꯥꯡꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(h) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯦꯞꯇꯦꯟ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ
ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(i) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯈꯡꯨꯒꯪ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯑꯃ
ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(j) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯩ-ꯃꯔꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ
ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫



(k) The question is, whetherA, who is dead, was the father of B.A statement byA that
B was his son, is a relevant fact.

(l) The question is, what was the date of the birth of A. A letter from A's deceased
father to a friend, announcing the birth of A on a given day, is a relevant fact.

(m) The question is, whether, and when, A and B were married. An entry in a
memorandum book by C, the deceased father of B, of his daughter's marriage withA on a
given date, is a relevant fact.

(n) A sues B for a libel expressed in a painted caricature exposed in a shop window.
The question is as to the similarity of the caricature and its libellous character. The remarks
of a crowd of spectators on these points may be proved.

27. Evidence given by a witness in a judicial proceeding, or before any person
authorised by law to take it, is relevant for the purpose of proving, in a subsequent judicial
proceeding, or in a later stage of the same judicial proceeding, the truth of the facts which
it states, when the witness is dead or cannot be found, or is incapable of giving evidence,
or is kept out of the way by the adverse party, or if his presence cannot be obtained without
an amount of delay or expense which, under the circumstances of the case, the Court
considers unreasonable:

Provided that the proceeding was between the same parties or their representatives in
interest; that the adverse party in the first proceeding had the right and opportunity to
cross-examine and the questions in issue were substantially the same in the first as in the
second proceeding.

Explanation.—Acriminal trial or inquiry shall be deemed to be a proceeding between
the prosecutor and the accused within the meaning of this section.

Statements made under special circumstances

28. Entries in the books of account, including those maintained in an electronic form,
regularly kept in the course of business are relevant whenever they refer to a matter into
which the Court has to inquire, but such statements shall not alone be sufficient evidence
to charge any person with liability.

Illustration.

A sues B for one thousand rupees, and shows entries in his account books showing
B to be indebted to him to this amount. The entries are relevant, but are not sufficient,
without other evidence, to prove the debt.

29. An entry in any public or other official book, register or record or an electronic
record, stating a fact in issue or relevant fact, and made by a public servant in the discharge
of his official duty, or by any other person in performance of a duty specially enjoined by
the law of the country in which such book, register or record or an electronic record, is kept,
is itself a relevant fact.

30. Statements of facts in issue or relevant facts, made in published maps or charts
generally offered for public sale, or in maps or plans made under the authority of the Central
Government or any State Government, as to matters usually represented or stated in such
maps, charts or plans, are themselves relevant facts.

31. When the Court has to form an opinion as to the existence of any fact of a public
nature, any statement of it, made in a recital contained in any Central Act or StateAct or in
a Central Government or State Government notification appearing in the respective Official
Gazette or in any printed paper or in electronic or digital form purporting to be such Gazette,
is a relevant fact.

Relevancy of
certain
evidence for
proving, in
subsequent
proceeding,
truth of facts
therein stated.

Entries in
books of
account when
relevant.

Relevancy of
entry in public
record or an
electronic
record made in
performance
of duty.

Relevancy of
statements in
maps, charts
and plans.

Relevancy of
statement as
to fact of
public nature
contained in
certain Acts or
notifications.

14 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



14 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ
ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ,
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ
ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ
ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯠꯀꯤ
ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ
ꯑꯦꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ
ꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

ꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯤ
ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃꯗ
ꯆꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ, ꯆꯦꯔ꯭ ꯠꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ ꯂꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗ
ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗ
ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ
ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ
ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯫

(k) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯕꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(l) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, Aꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯄꯥꯅ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ,
ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ Aꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(m) A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ B ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕꯔꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Bꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯄꯥ Cꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ
ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯔꯦꯅꯗꯝ ꯆꯦꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤꯅ Aꯒ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(n) Aꯅ ꯗꯀꯥꯨꯟꯒꯤ ꯎꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯦꯛꯄ ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯀꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯏꯀꯥꯏꯈꯝꯨꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯗ
ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯀꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯏꯀꯥꯏꯈꯝꯨꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯲꯷. ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟ꯭ ꯁ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ,
ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟ꯭ ꯁ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟ꯭ ꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯇꯥꯡꯀꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯤꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐꯪꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯕ
ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯞꯅ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ
ꯌꯥꯎꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ,
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ;
ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯗꯨꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ
ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯕꯒ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ-ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯕꯦꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏꯟꯀ꯭ ꯋꯦꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ

꯲꯸. ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯆꯥꯡ
ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯏꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Aꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯃꯥꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤ,ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯅ ꯇꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯥꯎꯟ ꯒꯤ ꯍꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ,ꯍꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯃꯥꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅꯗꯤ ꯇꯣꯟꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯥꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯗꯦ,

꯲꯹. ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯎꯠꯂꯗꯅꯨ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ, ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ
ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

꯳꯰. ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ, ꯆꯦꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ,
ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯦꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀꯦꯟꯗ꯭ ꯔ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ ꯌ
ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

꯳꯱. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯁꯦꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯜ
ꯑꯦꯛ꯭ ꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠ ꯑꯦꯛ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯜ ꯒꯕꯔꯟꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠ ꯒꯕꯔꯟꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ
ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯒꯖꯦꯠ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯤꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯒꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ
ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫



32. When the Court has to form an opinion as to a law of any country, any statement
of such law contained in a book purporting to be printed or published including in electronic
or digital form under the authority of the Government of such country and to contain any
such law, and any report of a ruling of the Courts of such country contained in a book
including in electronic or digital form purporting to be a report of such rulings, is relevant.

How much of a statement is to be proved

33. When any statement of which evidence is given forms part of a longer statement,
or of a conversation or part of an isolated document, or is contained in a document which
forms part of a book, or is contained in part of electronic record or of a connected series of
letters or papers, evidence shall be given of so much and no more of the statement,
conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers as the Court
considers necessary in that particular case to the full understanding of the nature and effect
of the statement, and of the circumstances under which it was made.

Judgments of Courts when relevant

34. The existence of any judgment, order or decree which by law prevents any Court
from taking cognizance of a suit or holding a trial, is a relevant fact when the question is
whether such Court ought to take cognizance of such suit or to hold such trial.

35. (1) A final judgment, order or decree of a competent Court or Tribunal, in the
exercise of probate, matrimonial, admiralty or insolvency jurisdiction, which confers upon
or takes away from any person any legal character, or which declares any person to be
entitled to any such character, or to be entitled to any specific thing, not as against any
specified person but absolutely, is relevant when the existence of any such legal character,
or the title of any such person to any such thing, is relevant.

(2) Such judgment, order or decree is conclusive proof that—

(i) any legal character, which it confers accrued at the time when such judgment,
order or decree came into operation;

(ii) any legal character, to which it declares any such person to be entitled,
accrued to that person at the time when such judgment, order or decree declares it to
have accrued to that person;

(iii) any legal character which it takes away from any such person ceased at the
time fromwhich such judgment, order or decree declared that it had ceased or should
cease; and

(iv) anything to which it declares any person to be so entitled was the property
of that person at the time from which such judgment, order or decree declares that it
had been or should be his property.

36. Judgments, orders or decrees other than thosementioned in section 35 are relevant
if they relate to matters of a public nature relevant to the enquiry; but such judgments,
orders or decrees are not conclusive proof of that which they state.

Illustration.

A sues B for trespass on his land. B alleges the existence of a public right of way over
the land, which A denies. The existence of a decree in favour of the defendant, in a suit by
A against C for a trespass on the same land, in which C alleged the existence of the same
right of way, is relevant, but it is not conclusive proof that the right of way exists.

Relevancy of
statements as
to any law
contained in
law books
including
electronic or
digital form.

What evidence
to be given
when statement
forms part of a
conversation,
document,
electronic
record, book or
series of letters
or papers.

Previous
judgments
relevant to bar
a second suit
or trial.

Relevancy of
certain
judgments in
probate, etc.,
jurisdiction.

Relevancy and
effect of
judgments,
orders or
decrees, other
than those
mentioned in
section 35.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 15_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 15

꯳꯲. ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ
ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯒ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯕ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯒ
ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯤꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯤꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯌꯥꯝ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯒꯦ

꯳꯳. ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯁꯥꯡꯂꯕ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ-ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ
ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯇꯣꯈꯏꯥꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯆꯦꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯄꯡꯨꯐꯥꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯅꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ
ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ, ꯋꯥꯔꯤ-ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏ,
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ, ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯦꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ

꯳꯴. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕꯗ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ,
ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄ
ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯒꯗ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯒꯗ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

꯳꯵. (꯱) ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯕꯦꯠ, ꯃꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯣꯅꯤꯌꯦꯜ, ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯔꯥꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏꯟꯁꯣꯜꯚꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯖꯨꯔꯤꯗꯤꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯗ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ
ꯆꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯕ꯭ ꯌꯨꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ, ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ
ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ,
ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯄꯡꯨꯐꯥꯅ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ,
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(꯲) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯗ, ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ -

(i) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ, ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ;

(ii) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕ,ꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ, ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ;

(iii) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ, ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ;
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

(iv) ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ
ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ, ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯂꯟꯊꯝꯨꯅꯤ꯫

꯳꯶. ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯳꯵ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯌꯥꯊꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ
ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯌꯥꯊꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯟꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ Bꯅ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ Aꯅ ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫ Aꯅ Cꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯇꯗ ꯂꯥꯟꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯄ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗ Cꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯒꯤ
ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜꯒꯤ
ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ
ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ
ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ
ꯋꯥꯔꯤ-ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏ, ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ,
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ, ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯦꯒꯤ
ꯄꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ
ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯄ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯫

ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯁꯨꯠ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯌꯦꯜ
ꯑꯃ ꯊꯤꯡꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯕꯦꯠꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕ,
ꯖꯨꯔꯤꯁꯗꯤꯛꯁꯟꯗ
ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ꯫

ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯳꯵ꯗ
ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ
ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ,
ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯩ
ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯫



37. Judgments or orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in sections 34, 35
and 36, are irrelevant, unless the existence of such judgment, order or decree is a fact in
issue, or is relevant under some other provision of this Adhiniyam.

Illustrations.

(a) A and B separately sue C for a libel which reflects upon each of them. C in each
case says that the matter alleged to be libellous is true, and the circumstances are such that
it is probably true in each case, or in neither.Aobtains a decree against C for damages on the
ground that C failed to make out his justification. The fact is irrelevant as between B and C.

(b) A prosecutes B for stealing a cow from him. B is convicted. A afterwards sues C
for the cow, which B had sold to him before his conviction. As between A and C, the
judgment against B is irrelevant.

(c) A has obtained a decree for the possession of land against B. C, B's son, murders
A in consequence. The existence of the judgment is relevant, as showingmotive for a crime.

(d) A is charged with theft and with having been previously convicted of theft. The
previous conviction is relevant as a fact in issue.

(e) Ais tried for the murder of B. The fact that B prosecutedA for libel and thatAwas
convicted and sentenced is relevant under section 6 as showing the motive for the fact in
issue.

38. Any party to a suit or other proceeding may show that any judgment, order or
decree which is relevant under section 34, 35 or 36, and which has been proved by the
adverse party, was delivered by a Court not competent to deliver it, or was obtained by
fraud or collusion.

Opinions of third persons when relevant

39. (1) When the Court has to form an opinion upon a point of foreign law or of
science or art, or any other field, or as to identity of handwriting or finger impressions, the
opinions upon that point of persons specially skilled in such foreign law, science or art, or
any other field, or in questions as to identity of handwriting or finger impressions are
relevant facts and such persons are called experts.

Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whether the death of A was caused by poison. The opinions of
experts as to the symptoms produced by the poison by which A is supposed to have died,
are relevant.

(b) The question is, whether A, at the time of doing a certain act, was, by reason of
unsoundness of mind, incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he was doing what
was either wrong or contrary to law. The opinions of experts upon the question whether the
symptoms exhibited by A commonly show unsoundness of mind, and whether such
unsoundness of mind usually renders persons incapable of knowing the nature of the acts
which they do, or of knowing that what they do is either wrong or contrary to law, are
relevant.

(c) The question is, whether a certain document was written byA.Another document
is produced which is proved or admitted to have been written byA. The opinions of experts

Judgments,
etc., other
than those
mentioned in
sections 34, 35
and 36 when
relevant.

Fraud or
collusion in
obtaining
judgment, or
incompetency
of Court, may
be proved.

Opinions of
experts.

16 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



16 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯳꯴, ꯳꯵
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯳꯶ꯇ
ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ
ꯅꯠꯇꯕ,
ꯈꯪ-ꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ,
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯐꯪꯕꯗ ꯅꯝꯊꯛꯥ
ꯇꯧꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯌꯥꯟꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ,
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯈꯪ-ꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

꯳꯷. ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯳꯴, ꯳꯵ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯳꯶ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯥꯊꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ, ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ Cꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫
Cꯅ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ,
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯁꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ Cꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯦ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯏ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ B ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Cꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯨꯝꯅ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

(b) A ꯑꯃꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ ꯕꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯗ ꯁꯟ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯕꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯕꯤꯒꯤ
ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

(c) Aꯅ B, Cꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯝ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ, Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ A ꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯫

(d) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯨꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(e) Aꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤ ꯫ Bꯅ Aꯕꯨ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Aꯕꯨ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶ꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ
꯫

꯳꯸. ꯁ꯭ ꯌꯨꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯗꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯳꯴,꯳꯵ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯳꯶ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ, ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯗꯜ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ
ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯟꯖ-ꯥꯊꯝꯨꯖꯥ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯥꯟꯁꯤꯟꯅꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯁꯨꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ

꯳꯹. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯥꯏꯟ꯭ ꯁ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯖꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ, ꯁꯥꯏꯟ꯭ ꯁ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯣꯏꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯖꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁ꯭ ꯠ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯨꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ A ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯍꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯠꯄꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ, ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯕ
ꯉꯝꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ
ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ , ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ
ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ
ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(c) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ Aꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ
ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ ꯫



on the question whether the two documents were written by the same person or by different
persons, are relevant.

(2) When in a proceeding, the court has to form an opinion on any matter relating to
any information transmitted or stored in any computer resource or any other electronic or
digital form, the opinion of the Examiner of Electronic Evidence referred to in section 79A of
the Information TechnologyAct, 2000, is a relevant fact.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, an Examiner of Electronic Evidence
shall be an expert.

40. Facts, not otherwise relevant, are relevant if they support or are inconsistent
with the opinions of experts, when such opinions are relevant.

Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whether Awas poisoned by a certain poison. The fact that other
persons, who were poisoned by that poison, exhibited certain symptoms which experts
affirm or deny to be the symptoms of that poison, is relevant.

(b) The question is, whether an obstruction to a harbour is caused by a certain
sea-wall. The fact that other harbours similarly situated in other respects, but where there
were no such sea-walls, began to be obstructed at about the same time, is relevant.

41. (1)When the Court has to form an opinion as to the person bywhom any document
was written or signed, the opinion of any person acquainted with the handwriting of the
person by whom it is supposed to be written or signed that it was or was not written or
signed by that person, is a relevant fact.

Explanation.—A person is said to be acquainted with the handwriting of another
person when he has seen that person write, or when he has received documents purporting
to be written by that person in answer to documents written by himself or under his authority
and addressed to that person, or when, in the ordinary course of business, documents
purporting to be written by that person have been habitually submitted to him.

Illustration.

The question is, whether a given letter is in the handwriting of A, a merchant in
Itanagar. B is a merchant in Bengaluru, who has written letters addressed toAand received
letters purporting to be written by him. C, is B's clerk whose duty it was to examine and file
B's correspondence. D is B's broker, to whom B habitually submitted the letters purporting
to be written by A for the purpose of advising him thereon. The opinions of B, C and D on
the question whether the letter is in the handwriting of A are relevant, though neither B, C
nor D ever sawAwrite.

(2) When the Court has to form an opinion as to the electronic signature of any
person, the opinion of the Certifying Authority which has issued the Electronic Signature
Certificate is a relevant fact.

42. When the Court has to form an opinion as to the existence of any general custom
or right, the opinions, as to the existence of such custom or right, of persons who would be
likely to know of its existence if it existed, are relevant.

Explanation.—The expression "general custom or right" includes customs or rights
common to any considerable class of persons.

Illustration.

The right of the villagers of a particular village to use the water of a particular well is
a general right within the meaning of this section.

43. When the Court has to form an opinion as to—

(i) the usages and tenets of any body of men or family;

Facts bearing
upon opinions
of experts.

Opinion as to
handwriting
and signature,
when relevant.

Opinion as to
existence of
general custom
or right, when
relevant.

Opinion as to
usages, tenets,
etc., when
relevant.

21 of 2000.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 17_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 17

꯲꯱ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯲꯰꯰꯰ ꯫

(꯲) ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯔꯤꯁꯣꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯤꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ
ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯏꯟꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 2000ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯹Aꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯏꯅꯔ
ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯖꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯖꯟ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ
ꯈꯪꯍꯩꯔꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯴꯰. ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ,
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯁꯧꯒꯠꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯍꯨ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯨ ꯄꯤꯖꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯍꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯨ ꯄꯤꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ,
ꯈꯪꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯨ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯍꯥꯔꯕꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯁꯃꯗꯨ꯭ ꯔꯒꯤ ꯐꯛꯂꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ
ꯍꯥꯔꯕꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯍꯤꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯃꯗꯨ꯭ ꯔꯒꯤ ꯐꯛꯂꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ,
ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

꯴꯱. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫ - ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯏ ꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯕ ꯎꯔꯛꯄ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ
ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ, ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ
ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡꯗ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯇ ꯍꯩꯅ-ꯍꯩꯅꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯈꯡꯅꯩ
ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯇꯥꯅꯒꯔꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟꯕ Aꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ B ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯂꯨꯔꯨꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ,
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ Aꯗ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ ꯫ C ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯔꯛꯅꯤ,
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯧꯗꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯏꯜ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ D ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯕ꯭ ꯔꯣꯀꯔꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯗꯨ Bꯅ Aꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ
ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯆꯨꯝꯅꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ Aꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ B, C ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Dꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ B, C ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ D ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ A ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯕ ꯎꯗꯦ ꯫

(꯲) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏꯌꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

꯴꯲. ꯑꯄꯟꯨꯕ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ,
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-"ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯛ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯅꯥꯏꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞꯀꯤ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯡꯨꯒꯪ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯡꯨꯒꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯒꯨꯍꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ
ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯍꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

꯴꯳. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ -

(i) ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏꯃꯡꯨꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ;

ꯈꯪꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ
ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ, ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯫

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ
ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ,
ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ,
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ
ꯂꯩ ꯫



(ii) the constitution and governance of any religious or charitable
foundation; or

(iii) the meaning of words or terms used in particular districts or by particular
classes of people,

the opinions of persons having special means of knowledge thereon, are relevant facts.

44. When the Court has to form an opinion as to the relationship of one person to
another, the opinion, expressed by conduct, as to the existence of such relationship, of any
person who, as a member of the family or otherwise, has special means of knowledge on the
subject, is a relevant fact:

Provided that such opinion shall not be sufficient to prove a marriage in proceedings
under the Divorce Act, 1869, or in prosecution under sections 82 and 84 of the Bharatiya
Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.

Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whether A and B were married. The fact that they were usually
received and treated by their friends as husband and wife, is relevant.

(b) The question is, whetherAwas the legitimate son of B. The fact thatAwas always
treated as such by members of the family, is relevant.

45. Whenever the opinion of any living person is relevant, the grounds on which
such opinion is based are also relevant.

Illustration.

An expert may give an account of experiments performed by him for the purpose of
forming his opinion.

Character when relevant

46. In civil cases the fact that the character of any person concerned is such as to
render probable or improbable any conduct imputed to him, is irrelevant, except in so far as
such character appears from facts otherwise relevant.

47. In criminal proceedings the fact that the person accused is of a good character, is
relevant.

48. In a prosecution for an offence under section 64, section 65, section 66,
section 67, section 68, section 69, section 70, section 71, section 74, section 75, section 76,
section 77 or section 78 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 or for attempt to commit any
such offence, where the question of consent is in issue, evidence of the character of the
victim or of such person's previous sexual experience with any person shall not be relevant
on the issue of such consent or the quality of consent.

49. In criminal proceedings, the fact that the accused has a bad character, is irrelevant,
unless evidence has been given that he has a good character, in which case it becomes
relevant.

Explanation 1.—This section does not apply to cases in which the bad character of
any person is itself a fact in issue.

Explanation 2.—A previous conviction is relevant as evidence of bad character.

Opinion on
relationship,
when relevant.

Grounds of
opinion, when
relevant.

In civil cases
character to
prove conduct
imputed,
irrelevant.

In criminal
cases previous
good character
relevant.

Evidence of
character or
previous sexual
experience not
relevant in
certain cases.

Previous bad
character not
relevant,
except in reply.

4 of 1869.

18 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



18 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ
ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ
ꯊꯧꯋꯣꯡ ꯎꯠꯅꯅꯕ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ
ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯦ꯫

ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ
ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ
ꯑꯐꯕ ꯁꯥꯖꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧꯒꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ
ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤꯕ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ
ꯈꯔꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯔꯤꯄ꯭ ꯂꯦꯁꯇ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ,
ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ
ꯀꯦꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

(ii) ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯇꯦꯡꯕꯥꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯁ꯭ ꯇꯤꯇ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛ-ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ;
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ

(iii) ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯖꯤꯂꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

꯴꯴. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯒ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯏꯃꯡꯨꯒꯤ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ, ꯍꯤꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯞ ꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ:

ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯤꯚꯣꯔ꯭ ꯁ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, ꯱꯸꯶꯹ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯌ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, 2023ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯸꯲ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯸꯴ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕꯗ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ
ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ B ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯃꯇꯩ -ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ ꯏꯃꯡꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ
ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

꯴꯵. ꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯂꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃ
ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯆꯦꯟꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ

꯴꯶. ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯎꯕ
ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕꯃꯈꯩ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

꯴꯷. ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯁꯟꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

꯴꯸. ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯴, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯵, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯶, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯷, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯸, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯹, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯰, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯱,
ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯴, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯵, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯶, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯷ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯸ꯒꯤ
ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯗ, ꯅꯥꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯕꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

꯴꯹. ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯠꯇꯕ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ
ꯐꯖꯅ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯱.-ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯐꯠꯇꯕ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯆꯦꯟꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯲-ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯠ ꯇꯥꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯝꯆꯠ ꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

꯴ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯱꯸꯶꯹ ꯫



50. In civil cases, the fact that the character of any person is such as to affect the
amount of damages which he ought to receive, is relevant.

Explanation.—In this section and sections 46, 47 and 49, the word "character"
includes both reputation and disposition; but, except as provided in section 49, evidence
may be given only of general reputation and general disposition, and not of particular acts
by which reputation or disposition has been shown.

PART III

ON PROOF

CHAPTER III

FACTS WHICH NEED NOT BE PROVED

51. No fact of which the Court will take judicial notice need be proved.

52. (1) The Court shall take judicial notice of the following facts, namely:—

(a) all laws in force in the territory of India including laws having extra-territorial
operation;

(b) international treaty, agreement or convention with country or countries by
India, or decisions made by India at international associations or other bodies;

(c) the course of proceeding of the ConstituentAssembly of India, of Parliament
of India and of the State Legislatures;

(d) the seals of all Courts and Tribunals;

(e) the seals of Courts ofAdmiralty andMaritime Jurisdiction, Notaries Public,
and all seals which any person is authorised to use by the Constitution, or by an Act
of Parliament or State Legislatures, or Regulations having the force of law in India;

(f) the accession to office, names, titles, functions, and signatures of the persons
filling for the time being any public office in any State, if the fact of their appointment
to such office is notified in any Official Gazette;

(g) the existence, title and national flag of every country or sovereign recognised
by the Government of India;

(h) the divisions of time, the geographical divisions of the world, and public
festivals, fasts and holidays notified in the Official Gazette;

(i) the territory of India;

(j) the commencement, continuance and termination of hostilities between the
Government of India and any other country or body of persons;

(k) the names of the members and officers of the Court and of their deputies and
subordinate officers and assistants, and also of all officers acting in execution of its
process, and of advocates and other persons authorised by law to appear or act
before it;

(l) the rule of the road on land or at sea.

(2) In the cases referred to in sub-section (1) and also on all matters of public history,
literature, science or art, the Court may resort for its aid to appropriate books or documents
of reference and if the Court is called upon by any person to take judicial notice of any fact,
it may refuse to do so unless and until such person produces any such book or document
as it may consider necessary to enable it to do so.

Character as
affecting
damages.

Fact judicially
noticeable
need not be
proved.

Facts of which
Court shall
take judicial
notice.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 19_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 19

꯵꯰. ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯃꯥꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 46,47 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 49ꯗ, "ꯀꯦꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨ,ꯨ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 49ꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯈꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯔꯨꯛ III
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ III
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ

꯵꯱. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯂꯧꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

꯵꯲. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ: -

(a) ꯑꯦꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔ-ꯇꯦꯔꯤꯇꯣꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯝꯈꯩꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ;

(b) ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ, ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯅ
ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ;

(c) ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯤꯇꯨꯑꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯦꯁꯦꯝꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤ, ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ ꯌꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯖꯤꯁꯂꯦꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯡꯥ;

(d) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯕ꯭ ꯌꯨꯅꯦꯜ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ;

(e) ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯔꯜꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯔꯤꯇꯥꯏꯝ ꯖꯨꯔꯤꯁꯗꯤꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯣꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯤꯇ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠꯀꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ ꯌꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯖꯤꯁꯂꯦꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛ꯭ ꯠ
ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯇ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯡꯒꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯕ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ;

(f) ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ ꯌ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ, ꯃꯃꯤꯡ,
ꯇꯥꯏꯇꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯊꯧꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯞꯄꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯒꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯕꯗꯤ;

(g) ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯛꯈꯪꯂꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ, ꯃꯤꯡꯊꯣꯜ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯇꯥꯤꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯗ;ꯨ

(h) ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯈꯏꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯒ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯐꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯖꯟꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀꯨꯝꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ, ꯆꯔꯥ
ꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯨꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯒꯖꯦꯠꯗ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ;

(i) ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯝꯈꯩ;

(j) ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯥꯟ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛꯄ,
ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯕ;

(k) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯄꯇꯨꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯡꯕꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ
ꯃꯃꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯎꯀꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ
ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ;

(l) ꯂꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯃꯗꯨ꯭ ꯔ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ ꯫

(꯲) ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯱) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯄꯋꯥꯨꯔꯤ, ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ꯭ ꯌ, ꯁꯥꯏꯟ꯭ ꯁ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯍꯤꯔꯝ
ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯔꯤꯐꯔꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ,
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯕꯗ
ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ
ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ
ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ
ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫



53. No fact needs to be proved in any proceeding which the parties thereto or their
agents agree to admit at the hearing, or which, before the hearing, they agree to admit by
any writing under their hands, or which by any rule of pleading in force at the time they are
deemed to have admitted by their pleadings:

Provided that the Court may, in its discretion, require the facts admitted to be proved
otherwise than by such admissions.

CHAPTER IV

OF ORAL EVIDENCE

54. All facts, except the contents of documents may be proved by oral evidence.

55. Oral evidence shall, in all cases whatever, be direct; if it refers to,—

(i) a fact which could be seen, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he
saw it;

(ii) a fact which could be heard, it must be the evidence of a witness who says
he heard it;

(iii) a fact which could be perceived by any other sense or in any other manner,
it must be the evidence of a witness who says he perceived it by that sense or in that
manner;

(iv) an opinion or to the grounds on which that opinion is held, it must be the
evidence of the person who holds that opinion on those grounds:

Provided that the opinions of experts expressed in any treatise commonly offered for
sale, and the grounds on which such opinions are held, may be proved by the production
of such treatises if the author is dead or cannot be found, or has become incapable of giving
evidence, or cannot be called as a witness without an amount of delay or expense which the
Court regards as unreasonable:

Provided further that, if oral evidence refers to the existence or condition of any
material thing other than a document, the Court may, if it thinks fit, require the production of
such material thing for its inspection.

CHAPTERV

OF DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE

56. The contents of documents may be proved either by primary or by secondary
evidence.

57. Primary evidence means the document itself produced for the inspection of the
Court.

Explanation 1.—Where a document is executed in several parts, each part is primary
evidence of the document.

Explanation 2.—Where a document is executed in counterpart, each counterpart
being executed by one or some of the parties only, each counterpart is primary evidence as
against the parties executing it.

Explanation 3.—Where a number of documents are all made by one uniform process,
as in the case of printing, lithography or photography, each is primary evidence of the
contents of the rest; but, where they are all copies of a common original, they are not
primary evidence of the contents of the original.

Facts admitted
need not be
proved.

Proof of facts
by oral
evidence.

Oral evidence
to be direct.

Proof of
contents of
documents.

Primary
evidence.

20 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



20 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯌꯥꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯉꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ
ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
꯫

ꯋꯥꯉꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ
ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕ꯫

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯫

ꯃꯆꯪ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯫

꯵꯳. ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯍꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯏ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ
ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯔꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ:

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ, ꯌꯥꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯖꯔꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ
ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ IV

ꯋꯥꯉꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝ

꯵꯴. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯉꯥꯡꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯵꯵. ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯀꯦꯁ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ; ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ
ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, -

(i) ꯎꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯎꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝ
ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(ii) ꯇꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(iii) ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯁꯤ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(iv) ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ:

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ
ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯨꯏꯊꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ
ꯌꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯈꯪꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯅꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ
ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ
ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ V

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

꯵꯶. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯵꯷. ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯃꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯱-ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯗ, ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ
ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯲ -ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯔꯄꯥꯔ꯭ ꯠꯇ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯔꯄꯥꯔ꯭ ꯠ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ
ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯔꯅ ꯈꯛꯇꯅ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯤꯌꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯔꯄꯥꯔ꯭ ꯠ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯦꯖꯤꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ
ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯃꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯳ -ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯤꯟꯇꯤꯡ, ꯂꯤꯊꯣꯒ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯐꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯒ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯐꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯨꯝꯅ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯆꯞ
ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨ,ꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ
ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫



Explanation 4.—Where an electronic or digital record is created or stored, and such
storage occurs simultaneously or sequentially in multiple files, each such file is primary
evidence.

Explanation 5.—Where an electronic or digital record is produced from proper
custody, such electronic and digital record is primary evidence unless it is disputed.

Explanation 6.—Where a video recording is simultaneously stored in electronic
form and transmitted or broadcast or transferred to another, each of the stored recordings is
primary evidence.

Explanation 7.—Where an electronic or digital record is stored in multiple storage
spaces in a computer resource, each such automated storage, including temporary files, is
primary evidence.

Illustration.

A person is shown to have been in possession of a number of placards, all printed at
one time from one original. Any one of the placards is primary evidence of the contents of
any other, but no one of them is primary evidence of the contents of the original.

58. Secondary evidence includes—

(i) certified copies given under the provisions hereinafter contained;

(ii) copies made from the original by mechanical processes which in themselves
ensure the accuracy of the copy, and copies compared with such copies;

(iii) copies made from or compared with the original;

(iv) counterparts of documents as against the parties who did not execute
them;

(v) oral accounts of the contents of a document given by some person who has
himself seen it;

(vi) oral admissions;

(vii) written admissions;

(viii) evidence of a person who has examined a document, the original of which
consists of numerous accounts or other documents which cannot conveniently be
examined in Court, and who is skilled in the examination of such documents.

Illustrations.

(a) A photograph of an original is secondary evidence of its contents, though the
two have not been compared, if it is proved that the thing photographed was the original.

(b) A copy compared with a copy of a letter made by a copying machine is secondary
evidence of the contents of the letter, if it is shown that the copy made by the copying
machine was made from the original.

(c) A copy transcribed from a copy, but afterwards compared with the original, is
secondary evidence; but the copy not so compared is not secondary evidence of the
original, although the copy from which it was transcribed was compared with the original.

(d) Neither an oral account of a copy compared with the original, nor an oral account
of a photograph or machine-copy of the original, is secondary evidence of the original.

59. Documents shall be proved by primary evidence except in the cases hereinafter
mentioned.

Secondary
evidence.

Proof of
documents by
primary
evidence.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 21_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 21

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯴-ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯗꯒꯨ
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯤꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯊꯪ-ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯐꯥꯏꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯥꯏꯜ
ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯃꯔꯤ ꯏꯚꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯵-ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯀꯁꯇꯗꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ,
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯇ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯶-ꯚꯤꯗꯤꯑꯣ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯤꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯂꯄ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯤꯡ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯆꯪ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯷.—ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯔꯤꯁꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕꯥ
ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯁ꯭ ꯄꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯐꯥꯏꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯃꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯏꯚꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁꯅꯤ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯂꯦꯀꯥꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯥꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯝꯈꯤ ꯫
ꯄ꯭ ꯂꯦꯀꯥꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

꯵꯸. ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ -

(i) ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯕꯤꯖꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏꯗ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ

(ii) ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜꯗꯒꯤ
ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ;

(iii) ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ;

(iv) ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯗꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯔꯄꯥꯔ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯤ;

(ꯚꯤ) ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅ ꯎꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ;

(vi) ꯑꯣꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ;

(vii) ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ;

(viii) ꯗꯣꯛꯌꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠꯇ ꯈꯗꯨꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ ꯂꯧꯗꯅꯨ
ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟ꯭ ꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯗꯣꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯗꯣꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯗ ꯍꯩꯊꯣꯏ-ꯁꯤꯡꯊꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯒ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯐ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯅꯤ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯒ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯐ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

(c) ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯁꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯕ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯒ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯔꯕ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯗꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯗꯨ
ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯁꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯕ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯈꯤ ꯫

(d) ꯑꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯒ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯐ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯦꯜ
ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ-ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫

꯵꯹. ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯃꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ
ꯏꯕꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ (ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ) ꯫

ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯃꯔꯤ

ꯏꯕꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ
ꯏꯟꯅ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯐ।



60. Secondary evidence may be given of the existence, condition, or contents of a
document in the following cases, namely: —

(a) when the original is shown or appears to be in the possession or power—

(i) of the person against whom the document is sought to be proved; or

(ii) of any person out of reach of, or not subject to, the process of the
Court; or

(iii) of any person legally bound to produce it,

and when, after the notice mentioned in section 64 such person does not produce it;

(b) when the existence, condition or contents of the original have been proved
to be admitted in writing by the person against whom it is proved or by his
representative in interest;

(c) when the original has been destroyed or lost, or when the party offering
evidence of its contents cannot, for any other reason not arising from his own default
or neglect, produce it in reasonable time;

(d) when the original is of such a nature as not to be easily movable;

(e) when the original is a public document within the meaning of section 74;

(f) when the original is a document of which a certified copy is permitted by this
Adhiniyam, or by any other law in force in India to be given in evidence;

(g) when the originals consist of numerous accounts or other documents which
cannot conveniently be examined in Court, and the fact to be proved is the general
result of the whole collection.

Explanation.—For the purposes of—

(i) clauses (a), (c) and (d), any secondary evidence of the contents of the
document is admissible;

(ii) clause (b), the written admission is admissible;

(iii) clause (e) or (f), a certified copy of the document, but no other kind of
secondary evidence, is admissible;

(iv) clause (g), evidence may be given as to the general result of the documents
by any person who has examined them, and who is skilled in the examination of such
document.

61. Nothing in thisAdhiniyam shall apply to deny the admissibility of an electronic
or digital record in the evidence on the ground that it is an electronic or digital record and
such record shall, subject to section 63, have the same legal effect, validity and enforceability
as other document.

62. The contents of electronic records may be proved in accordance with the
provisions of section 63.

63. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Adhiniyam, any information
contained in an electronic record which is printed on paper, stored, recorded or copied in
optical or magnetic media or semiconductor memory which is produced by a computer or
any communication device or otherwise stored, recorded or copied in any electronic form
(hereinafter referred to as the computer output) shall be deemed to be also a document, if
the conditions mentioned in this section are satisfied in relation to the information and

Cases in which
secondary
evidence
relating to
documents may
be given.

Electronic or
digital record.

Special
provisions as to
evidence
relating to
electronic
record.

Admissibility
of electronic
records.

22 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



22 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ
ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯀ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ
ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯕ
ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯫

꯶꯰. ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯒꯨꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ
ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ: -

(a) ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯥꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ -

(i) ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ

(ii) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯉꯝꯈꯩꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ

(iii) ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯴ꯗ
ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(b) ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ, ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ
ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯅ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(c) ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯥꯏꯍꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯥꯡꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ
ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯧꯁꯥꯗꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(d) ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(e) ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯴ꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(f) ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯇ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(g) ꯑꯔꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤꯖꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ
ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯄꯟꯨꯕ ꯈꯣꯝꯖꯤꯜꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯄꯟꯨꯕ
ꯃꯍꯩꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ -

(i) ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯣꯖ (a), (c) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ (d), ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ;

(ii) ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯣꯖ (b) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(iii) ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯣꯖ (e) ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ (f), ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯈꯜꯒꯤ
ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ, ꯌꯥꯗꯦ;

(iv) ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯣꯖ (g), ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯗ
ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯟꯨꯕ ꯐꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯶꯱. ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯗꯕꯗ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ
ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯁꯦꯀꯁꯟ ꯶꯳ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ, ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠꯀ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯍꯩ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ
ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯶꯲. ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯳ꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ
꯫

꯶꯳. (꯱) ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯆꯦꯗ ꯅꯝꯗꯅꯨ,
ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯦꯒꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯃꯤꯀꯟꯗꯛꯇꯔ ꯃꯦꯃꯦꯔꯤꯗ ꯊꯝꯗꯅꯨ, ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯇꯧꯔꯒ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ
ꯇꯧꯗꯅꯨ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯝꯗꯅꯨ, ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯇꯧꯔꯒ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯇꯧꯔꯒ (ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ
ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯄꯠꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯩ) ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ



computer in question and shall be admissible in any proceedings, without further proof or
production of the original, as evidence or any contents of the original or of any fact stated
therein of which direct evidence would be admissible.

(2) The conditions referred to in sub-section (1) in respect of a computer output shall
be the following, namely:—

(a) the computer output containing the information was produced by the
computer or communication device during the period over which the computer or
communication device was used regularly to create, store or process information
for the purposes of any activity regularly carried on over that period by the
person having lawful control over the use of the computer or communication
device;

(b) during the said period, information of the kind contained in the electronic

record or of the kind from which the information so contained is derived was regularly
fed into the computer or communication device in the ordinary course of the said
activities;

(c) throughout the material part of the said period, the computer or
communication device was operating properly or, if not, then in respect of any
period in which it was not operating properly or was out of operation during that
part of the period, was not such as to affect the electronic record or the
accuracy of its contents; and

(d) the information contained in the electronic record reproduces or is
derived from such information fed into the computer or communication device in the
ordinary course of the said activities.
(3)Where over any period, the function of creating, storing or processing information

for the purposes of any activity regularly carried on over that period as mentioned in
clause (a) of sub-section (2) was regularly performed bymeans of one or more computers or
communication device, whether—

(a) in standalone mode; or

(b) on a computer system; or

(c) on a computer network; or

(d) on a computer resource enabling information creation or providing information
processing and storage; or

(e) through an intermediary,

all the computers or communication devices used for that purpose during that period shall
be treated for the purposes of this section as constituting a single computer or communication
device; and references in this section to a computer or communication device shall be
construed accordingly.

(4) In any proceeding where it is desired to give a statement in evidence by virtue of
this section, a certificate doing any of the following things shall be submitted along with the
electronic record at each instance where it is being submitted for admission, namely:—

(a) identifying the electronic record containing the statement and describing
the manner in which it was produced;

(b) giving such particulars of any device involved in the production of that
electronic record as may be appropriate for the purpose of showing that the electronic
recordwas produced by a computer or a communication device referred to in clauses (a)
to (e) of sub-section (3);

(c) dealing with any of the matters to which the conditions mentioned in
sub-section (2) relate,

and purporting to be signed by a person in charge of the computer or communication
device or the management of the relevant activities (whichever is appropriate) and an expert
shall be evidence of any matter stated in the certificate; and for the purposes of this
sub-section it shall be sufficient for a matter to be stated to the best of the knowledge and
belief of the person stating it in the certificate specified in the Schedule.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 23_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 23

ꯋꯥꯍꯪ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯐ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄ
ꯌꯥꯗꯅ, ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯇ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ꯫

(꯲) ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯄꯠꯨ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯱) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ: -

(a) ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯄꯠꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ
ꯁꯦꯝꯅꯕ, ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ
ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏꯗ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤ ꯫

(c) ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ, ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯐꯖꯅ
ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ, ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯗꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ
ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯗꯦ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

(d) ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ-ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯧꯏ ꯫

(꯳) ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯲) ꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯣꯖ (a) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯒꯤ, ꯂꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯃ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, -

(a) ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯟꯑꯣꯂꯣꯟ ꯃꯣꯗꯇ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ

(b) ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ

(c) ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯅꯦꯠꯋꯥꯔꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ

(d) ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯤꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯔꯤꯁꯣꯁ ꯑꯃꯗ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ

(e) ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ
ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ
ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(4) ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ
ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ: -

(a) ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ;

(b) ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯳) ꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯣꯖ (a) ꯗꯒꯤ (e)
ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯆꯨꯅꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯕ;

(c) ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯲) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ,

ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯕꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ-ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯟꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯤꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ (ꯃꯗꯨ ꯈ꯭ ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯨꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ) ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ
ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯁꯤ
ꯁꯦꯗꯜꯨꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯈ꯭ ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯈꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ
ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫



(5) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) information shall be taken to be supplied to a computer or communication
device if it is supplied thereto in any appropriate form and whether it is so supplied
directly or (with or without human intervention) by means of any appropriate
equipment;

(b) a computer output shall be taken to have been produced by a computer or
communication device whether it was produced by it directly or (with or without
human intervention) by means of any appropriate equipment or by other electronic
means as referred to in clauses (a) to (e) of sub-section (3).

64. Secondary evidence of the contents of the documents referred to in clause (a) of
section 60, shall not be given unless the party proposing to give such secondary evidence
has previously given to the party in whose possession or power the document is, or to his
advocate or representative, such notice to produce it as is prescribed by law; and if no
notice is prescribed by law, then such notice as the Court considers reasonable under the
circumstances of the case:

Provided that such notice shall not be required in order to render secondary evidence
admissible in any of the following cases, or in any other case in which the Court thinks fit
to dispense with it:—

(a) when the document to be proved is itself a notice;

(b) when, from the nature of the case, the adverse party must know that he will
be required to produce it;

(c) when it appears or is proved that the adverse party has obtained possession
of the original by fraud or force;

(d) when the adverse party or his agent has the original in Court;

(e) when the adverse party or his agent has admitted the loss of the document;

(f) when the person in possession of the document is out of reach of, or not
subject to, the process of the Court.

65. If a document is alleged to be signed or to have been written wholly or in part by
any person, the signature or the handwriting of so much of the document as is alleged to be
in that person's handwriting must be proved to be in his handwriting.

66. Except in the case of a secure electronic signature, if the electronic signature of
any subscriber is alleged to have been affixed to an electronic record, the fact that such
electronic signature is the electronic signature of the subscriber must be proved.

67. If a document is required by law to be attested, it shall not be used as evidence
until one attesting witness at least has been called for the purpose of proving its execution,
if there be an attesting witness alive, and subject to the process of the Court and capable of
giving evidence:

Provided that it shall not be necessary to call an attesting witness in proof of the
execution of any document, not being a will, which has been registered in accordance with
the provisions of the Indian Registration Act, 1908, unless its execution by the person by
whom it purports to have been executed is specifically denied.

68. If no such attesting witness can be found, it must be proved that the attestation
of one attesting witness at least is in his handwriting, and that the signature of the person
executing the document is in the handwriting of that person.

Rules as to
notice to
produce.

Proof of
signature and
handwriting of
person alleged
to have signed
or written
document
produced.

Proof as to
electronic
signature.

Proof of
execution of
document
required by law
to be attested.

Proof where
no attesting
witness found.

16 of 1908.

24 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



24 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ
ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡ
꯫

ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯏꯕ
ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ
ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ
ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ
ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯫

ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ
ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ
ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ
꯫

ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ
ꯄꯟꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ
ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫

(꯵) ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, -

(a) ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯗꯨ
ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ (ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯦꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ) ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯔꯥ;

(b) ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯄꯠꯨ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ (ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ) ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ
ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯳) ꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯁ (a) ꯗꯒꯤ (e) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯶꯴. ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 60ꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯁ (ꯑꯦ) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯋꯥꯔꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ,
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯇ, ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ
ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯇ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ:

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ
ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ: -

(a) ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯅ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(b) ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ, ꯃꯥꯏꯌꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ
ꯇꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯈꯪꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ;

(c) ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯇꯁꯦꯡ-ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯝꯊꯛꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(d) ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(e) ꯃꯥꯏꯌꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠꯅ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(f) ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯫

꯶꯵. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯄꯡꯨꯐꯥꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔ
ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ
ꯈꯠꯨꯏꯗ ꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯶꯶. ꯁꯦꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯕꯁ꯭ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯕꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯕꯁ꯭ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯕꯔ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯁꯤꯒ꯭ ꯔꯦꯟꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯶꯷. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯎꯠꯄ
ꯑꯦꯇꯦꯁ꯭ ꯇ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯀꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ
ꯍꯤꯡꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ
ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯣꯏ:

ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, ꯱꯹꯰꯸ꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ,
ꯋꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ, ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯦꯇꯦꯁ꯭ ꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ,
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯀꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯀꯗꯕꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯫

꯶꯸. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯦꯇꯦꯁ꯭ ꯠ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯐꯪꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯌꯥꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗ ꯑꯦꯇꯦꯁ꯭ ꯠ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ
ꯈꯠꯨꯏꯅꯤ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

1908 ꯒꯤ 16 ꯫



69. The admission of a party to an attested document of its execution by himself
shall be sufficient proof of its execution as against him, though it be a document required by
law to be attested.

70. If the attesting witness denies or does not recollect the execution of the document,
its execution may be proved by other evidence.

71. An attested document not required by law to be attested may be proved as if it
was unattested.

72. (1) In order to ascertain whether a signature, writing or seal is that of the person
by whom it purports to have been written or made, any signature, writing, or seal admitted
or proved to the satisfaction of the Court to have been written or made by that person may
be compared with the one which is to be proved, although that signature, writing or seal has
not been produced or proved for any other purpose.

(2) The Court may direct any person present in Court to write any words or figures for
the purpose of enabling the Court to compare the words or figures so written with any
words or figures alleged to have been written by such person.

(3) This section applies also, with any necessary modifications, to finger impressions.

73. In order to ascertain whether a digital signature is that of the person by whom it
purports to have been affixed, the Court may direct—

(a) that person or the Controller or the Certifying Authority to produce the
Digital Signature Certificate;

(b) any other person to apply the public key listed in the Digital Signature
Certificate and verify the digital signature purported to have been affixed by that
person.

Public documents

74. (1) The following documents are public documents:—

(a) documents forming the acts, or records of the acts—

(i) of the sovereign authority;

(ii) of official bodies and tribunals; and

(iii) of public officers, legislative, judicial and executive of India or of a
foreign country;

(b) public records kept in any State or Union territory of private documents.

(2) All other documents except the documents referred to in sub-section (1) are
private.

75. Every public officer having the custody of a public document, which any person
has a right to inspect, shall give that person on demand a copy of it on payment of the legal
fees therefor, together with a certificate written at the foot of such copy that it is a true copy
of such document or part thereof, as the case may be, and such certificate shall be dated and
subscribed by such officer with his name and his official title, and shall be sealed, whenever
such officer is authorised by law to make use of a seal; and such copies so certified shall be
called certified copies.

Admission of
execution by
party to
attested
document.

Proof when
attesting
witness denies
execution.

Proof of
document not
required by law
to be attested.

Comparison
of signature,
writing or seal
with others
admitted or
proved.

Proof as to
verification of
digital
signature.

Public and
private
documents.

Certified
copies of
public
documents.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 25_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 25

꯶꯹. ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯦꯇꯦꯁ꯭ ꯠ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯒꯗꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯎꯁꯤꯟꯂꯕꯗꯤ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯦ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯦ꯫

꯷꯰. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯪꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ,
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯷꯱. ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯗꯕꯒꯨꯝ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯷꯲. (꯱) ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ, ꯑꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ
ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ, ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ, ꯑꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ, ꯑꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ
ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(꯳) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕ ꯉꯝꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯏꯅꯕ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(꯳) ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ, ꯈꯠꯨꯀꯤ ꯏꯝꯄ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯩ ꯫

꯷꯳. ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ
ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ -

(a) ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯂꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ
ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯤꯇꯤ;

(b) ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠꯗ ꯂꯤꯁꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯀꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ

꯷꯴. (꯱) ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ: -

(a) ꯑꯦꯛꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯦꯛꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡ -

(i) ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏꯒꯤ;

(ii) ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯕ꯭ ꯌꯨꯅꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

(iii) ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯦꯖꯤꯁ꯭ ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯕ, ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ;

(b) ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ ꯌ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯌꯟ ꯇꯦꯔꯤꯇꯣꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯂꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡ
ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯱) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯂꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯷꯵. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯀꯁ꯭ ꯇꯗꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ
ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯔꯛꯄꯗ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ,
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯒꯗꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ
ꯏꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ
ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯂꯦꯞꯀꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯕꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯞ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡꯅ
ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ
ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ
ꯄꯤꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ
ꯄꯤꯕ ꯫

ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯞꯄꯗ ꯑꯊꯤꯡꯕ
ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ
ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯐ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ, ꯏꯕ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯇꯧꯕ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯅ
ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒ
ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕ ꯫

ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔ
ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯂꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ
ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯫



Explanation.—Any officer who, by the ordinary course of official duty, is authorised
to deliver such copies, shall be deemed to have the custody of such documents within the
meaning of this section.

76. Such certified copies may be produced in proof of the contents of the public
documents or parts of the public documents of which they purport to be copies.

77. The following public documents may be proved as follows:—

(a)Acts, orders or notifications of the Central Government in any of itsMinistries
and Departments or of any State Government or any Department of any State
Government or Union territoryAdministration—

(i) by the records of the Departments, certified by the head of those
Departments respectively; or

(ii) by any document purporting to be printed by order of any such
Government;

(b) the proceedings of Parliament or a State Legislature, by the journals of those
bodies respectively, or by published Acts or abstracts, or by copies purporting to be
printed by order of the Government concerned;

(c) proclamations, orders or Regulations issued by the President of India or the
Governor of a State or theAdministrator or Lieutenant Governor of a Union territory,
by copies or extracts contained in the Official Gazette;

(d) theActs of the Executive or the proceedings of the Legislature of a foreign
country, by journals published by their authority, or commonly received in that country
as such, or by a copy certified under the seal of the country or sovereign, or by a
recognition thereof in any Central Act;

(e) the proceedings of a municipal or local body in a State, by a copy of such
proceedings, certified by the legal keeper thereof, or by a printed book purporting to
be published by the authority of such body;

(f) public documents of any other class in a foreign country, by the original or
by a copy certified by the legal keeper thereof, with a certificate under the seal of a
Notary Public, or of an Indian Consul or diplomatic agent, that the copy is duly
certified by the officer having the legal custody of the original, and upon proof of the
character of the document according to the law of the foreign country.

Presumptions as to documents

78. (1) The Court shall presume to be genuine every document purporting to be a
certificate, certified copy or other document, which is by law declared to be admissible as
evidence of any particular fact and which purports to be duly certified by any officer of the
Central Government or of a State Government:

Provided that such document is substantially in the form and purports to be executed
in the manner directed by law in that behalf.

(2) The Court shall also presume that any officer by whom any such document
purports to be signed or certified, held, when he signed it, the official character which he
claims in such paper.

79.Whenever any document is produced before any Court, purporting to be a record
or memorandum of the evidence, or of any part of the evidence, given by a witness in a
judicial proceeding or before any officer authorised by law to take such evidence or to be a
statement or confession by any prisoner or accused person, taken in accordance with law,

Proof of
documents by
production of
certified
copies.

Proof of other
official
documents.

Presumption
as to
genuineness of
certified
copies.

Presumption as
to documents
produced as
record of
evidence, etc.

26 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



26 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ
ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ
ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯐ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯒꯤ
ꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯫

ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ
ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯟꯅ
ꯁꯥꯒꯠꯄ ꯫

ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ
ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ
ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯗ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯡꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ
ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕ,ꯨ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯁ꯭ ꯇꯗꯤꯗ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯷꯶. ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ
ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯷꯷. ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ: -

(a) ꯀꯦꯟꯗ꯭ ꯔ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯔꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ꯭ ꯠꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ ꯌ
ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ ꯌ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯌꯟ ꯇꯦꯔꯤꯇꯣꯔꯤ ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯅꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ
ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ꯭ ꯠꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ -

(i) ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ꯭ ꯠꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯃꯊꯪꯁꯤꯠꯅ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ꯭ ꯠꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ
ꯄꯤꯕ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ

(ii) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯅꯝꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ;

(b) ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠ ꯂꯦꯖꯤꯁ꯭ ꯂꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯊꯪꯁꯤꯠꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯦꯕ꯭ ꯁ꯭ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ
ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯅꯝꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ;

(c) ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯔꯥꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯄꯇꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ ꯌ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯒꯕꯔꯅꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯌꯟ ꯇꯦꯔꯤꯇꯣꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ
ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯅꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯦꯐꯇꯦꯅꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯒꯕꯔꯅꯔꯅ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯒꯖꯦꯠꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡ;

(d) ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯤꯕꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯦꯖꯤꯁ꯭ ꯂꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ
ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯇꯤꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯃꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯗꯅꯨ
ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ;

(e) ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ ꯌ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃ꯭ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯁꯤꯄꯥꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯜ ꯕꯣꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ
ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯉꯥꯛ-ꯁꯦꯟꯕ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯗꯅꯨ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏꯅ
ꯐꯣꯡꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯅ;

(f) ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀꯤꯄꯔꯅ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯅꯣꯇꯔꯤ ꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ
ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯀꯟꯁꯨꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯄ꯭ ꯂꯣꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯗꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯄꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯀꯦꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯐꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ

꯷꯸. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ, ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ
ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯟꯗ꯭ ꯔ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ ꯌ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ
ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯋꯤ:

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯅꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ
ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕ,ꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ
ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯁꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯷꯹. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯔꯦꯟꯗꯝ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ
ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯐꯥꯖꯤꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ
ꯁꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ,



and purporting to be signed by any Judge or Magistrate, or by any such officer as aforesaid,
the Court shall presume that—

(i) the document is genuine;

(ii) any statements as to the circumstances under which it was taken, purporting
to be made by the person signing it, are true; and

(iii) such evidence, statement or confession was duly taken.

80. The Court shall presume the genuineness of every document purporting to be
the Official Gazette, or to be a newspaper or journal, and of every document purporting to be
a document directed by any law to be kept by any person, if such document is kept
substantially in the form required by law and is produced from proper custody.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this section and section 92, document is said to
be in proper custody if it is in the place in which, and looked after by the person with whom
such document is required to be kept; but no custody is improper if it is proved to have had
a legitimate origin, or if the circumstances of the particular case are such as to render that
origin probable.

81. The Court shall presume the genuineness of every electronic or digital record
purporting to be the Official Gazette, or purporting to be electronic or digital record directed
by any law to be kept by any person, if such electronic or digital record is kept substantially
in the form required by law and is produced from proper custody.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this section and section 93 electronic records are
said to be in proper custody if they are in the place in which, and looked after by the person
with whom such document is required to be kept; but no custody is improper if it is proved
to have had a legitimate origin, or the circumstances of the particular case are such as to
render that origin probable.

82. The Court shall presume that maps or plans purporting to bemade by the authority
of the Central Government or any State Government were so made, and are accurate; but
maps or plans made for the purposes of any cause must be proved to be accurate.

83. The Court shall presume the genuineness of, every book purporting to be printed
or published under the authority of the Government of any country, and to contain any of
the laws of that country, and of every book purporting to contain reports of decisions of the
Courts of such country.

84. The Court shall presume that every document purporting to be a
power-of-attorney, and to have been executed before, and authenticated by, a Notary Public,
or any Court, Judge, Magistrate, Indian Consul or Vice-Consul, or representative of the
Central Government, was so executed and authenticated.

85. TheCourt shall presume that every electronic record purporting to be an agreement
containing the electronic or digital signature of the parties was so concluded by affixing the
electronic or digital signature of the parties.

86. (1) In any proceeding involving a secure electronic record, the Court shall presume
unless contrary is proved, that the secure electronic record has not been altered since the
specific point of time to which the secure status relates.

(2) In any proceeding, involving secure electronic signature, the Court shall presume
unless the contrary is proved that—

(a) the secure electronic signature is affixed by subscriber with the intention of
signing or approving the electronic record;

(b) except in the case of a secure electronic record or a secure electronic signature,
nothing in this section shall create any presumption, relating to authenticity and
integrity of the electronic record or any electronic signature.

Presumption
as to Gazettes,
newspapers,
and other
documents.

Presumption
as to Gazettes
in electronic
or digital
record.

Presumption
as to maps or
plans made by
authority of
Government.

Presumption as
to collections
of laws and
reports of
decisions.

Presumption
as to powers-
of-attorney.

Presumption as
to electronic
agreements.

Presumption
as to
electronic
records and
electronic
signatures.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 27_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 27

ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯖ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ
ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ -

(i) ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(ii) ꯃꯁꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

(iii) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ, ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯸꯰. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯒꯖꯦꯠ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯥꯎ-ꯆꯦ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ
ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛꯆꯥꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯤꯛꯆꯥꯕ ꯀꯁ꯭ ꯇꯗꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯊꯝꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ
ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ -ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯹꯲ꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ
ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯀꯁ꯭ ꯇꯗꯤꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯒꯅꯤ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯀꯁꯇꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

꯸꯱. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ
ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛꯆꯥꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯤꯛꯆꯥꯕ ꯀꯁ꯭ ꯇꯗꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯒꯖꯦꯠꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯊꯝꯒꯗꯕ
ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ - ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯹꯳ꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯐꯝ ꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯀꯁ꯭ ꯇꯗꯤꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯀꯁꯇꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯆꯥꯔꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

꯸꯲. ꯀꯦꯟꯗ꯭ ꯔ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ ꯌ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ
ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯸꯳. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ,
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯸꯴. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯄꯋꯔ-ꯑꯣꯐ-ꯑꯦꯇꯣꯔꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯣꯇꯔꯤ ꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ , ꯖꯖ, ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠ,
ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯀꯟꯁꯨꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯚꯥꯏꯁ-ꯀꯟꯁꯨꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀꯦꯟꯗ꯭ ꯔ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ,
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ, ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯶꯵. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ
ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯝꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯸꯶. (꯱) ꯁꯦꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯁꯦꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ
ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛ-ꯍꯣꯡꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ -

(a) ꯁꯦꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯁꯤꯒ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯁꯕꯁ꯭ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯕꯔꯅ ꯅꯝꯃꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯁꯦꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ,
ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯒꯖꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯄꯥꯎ-ꯆꯦꯁꯤꯡ,
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ
ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯂꯩꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯇ
ꯒꯖꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏꯅ
ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯣꯝꯒꯠꯄ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯑꯦꯇꯣꯔꯅꯤꯒꯤ
ꯁꯛꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯑꯦꯒ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫



87. The Court shall presume, unless contrary is proved, that the information listed in
an Electronic Signature Certificate is correct, except for information specified as subscriber
information which has not been verified, if the certificate was accepted by the subscriber.

88. (1) The Court may presume that any document purporting to be a certified copy of
any judicial record of any country beyond India is genuine and accurate, if the document
purports to be certified in any manner which is certified by any representative of the Central
Government in or for such country to be the manner commonly in use in that country for the
certification of copies of judicial records.

(2) An officer who, with respect to any territory or place outside India is a Political
Agent therefor, as defined in clause (43) of section 3 of the General ClausesAct, 1897, shall,
for the purposes of this section, be deemed to be a representative of the Central Government
in and for the country comprising that territory or place.

89. The Court may presume that any book to which it may refer for information on
matters of public or general interest, and that any published map or chart, the statements of
which are relevant facts, and which is produced for its inspection, was written and published
by the person, and at the time and place, by whom or at which it purports to have been
written or published.

90. The Court may presume that an electronic message, forwarded by the originator
through an electronic mail server to the addressee to whom the message purports to be
addressed corresponds with the message as fed into his computer for transmission; but the
Court shall not make any presumption as to the person by whom such message was sent.

91. The Court shall presume that every document, called for and not produced after
notice to produce, was attested, stamped and executed in the manner required by law.

92. Where any document, purporting or proved to be thirty years old, is produced
from any custody which the Court in the particular case considers proper, the Court may
presume that the signature and every other part of such document, which purports to be in
the handwriting of any particular person, is in that person's handwriting, and, in the case of
a document executed or attested, that it was duly executed and attested by the persons by
whom it purports to be executed and attested.

Explanation.—The Explanation to section 80 shall also apply to this section.

Illustrations.

(a) A has been in possession of landed property for a long time. He produces from
his custody deeds relating to the land showing his titles to it. The custody shall be proper.

(b) A produces deeds relating to landed property of which he is the mortgagee. The
mortgagor is in possession. The custody shall be proper.

(c) A, a connection of B, produces deeds relating to lands in B's possession, which
were deposited with him by B for safe custody. The custody shall be proper.

93. Where any electronic record, purporting or proved to be five years old, is produced
from any custody which the Court in the particular case considers proper, the Court may
presume that the electronic signature which purports to be the electronic signature of any
particular person was so affixed by him or any person authorised by him in this behalf.

Explanation.—The Explanation to section 81 shall also apply to this section.

Presumption as
to Electronic
Signature
Certificates.

Presumption
as to certified
copies of
foreign judicial
records.

Presumption
as to books,
maps and
charts.

Presumption
as to
electronic
messages.

Presumption as
to due
execution, etc.,
of documents
not produced.

Presumption
as to
documents
thirty years
old.

Presumption
as to
electronic
records five
years old.

10 of 1897.

28 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



28 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔ
ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ
ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯐꯣꯔꯦꯟ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ
ꯇꯧꯔꯕ
ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ,
ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯆꯦꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯎꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ
ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯃꯇꯤꯛꯆꯥꯅ
ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯆꯍꯤ 30 ꯁꯨꯔꯕ
ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯆꯍꯤ ꯃꯉꯥ ꯁꯨꯔꯕ
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

꯸꯷. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ
ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯕꯁ꯭ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯕꯔ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ,
ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯕꯁ꯭ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯕꯔ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯸꯸. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ
ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯀꯦꯟꯗ꯭ ꯔ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ
ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯂꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯖꯦꯅꯔꯦꯜ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯣꯖꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯛ꯭ ꯠ, ꯱꯸꯹꯷ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯳ꯒꯤ
ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯣꯖ (꯴꯳) ꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ,
ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯂꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯦꯟꯗ꯭ ꯔ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ
ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯸꯹. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ,
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯃꯦꯞ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯥꯔ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ
ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ,
ꯀꯔꯝꯕꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯐꯝꯗ ꯏꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ-ꯃꯈꯣꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯹꯰. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯃꯦꯜ ꯁꯔꯚꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯔꯥꯛꯄꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔꯗ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

꯹꯱. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ, ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇꯕ, ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯥꯝ꯭ ꯞ ꯅꯝꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯹꯲. ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯍꯤ 30 ꯁꯨꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯁꯨꯤꯜꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯂꯧꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ, ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ
ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯸꯰ꯒꯤ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯁꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯨꯏꯅ ꯂꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯁꯇꯗꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯣꯔ꯭ ꯒꯦꯖꯤ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠꯒꯦꯒꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(c) A, Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯐꯝꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ
Bꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯊꯖꯥꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯹꯳. ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯆꯍꯤ ꯃꯉꯥ ꯁꯨꯔꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯁꯇꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ
ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯅꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫ -ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯸꯱ꯒꯤ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯁꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

1897 ꯒꯤ 10 ꯫



CHAPTERVI

OF THE EXCLUSION OF ORAL EVIDENCE BY DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE

94. When the terms of a contract, or of a grant, or of any other disposition of property,
have been reduced to the form of a document, and in all cases in which any matter is
required by law to be reduced to the form of a document, no evidence shall be given in proof
of the terms of such contract, grant or other disposition of property, or of such matter,
except the document itself, or secondary evidence of its contents in cases in which secondary
evidence is admissible under the provisions hereinbefore contained.

Exception 1.—When a public officer is required by law to be appointed in writing,
and when it is shown that any particular person has acted as such officer, the writing by
which he is appointed need not be proved.

Exception 2.—Wills admitted to probate in India may be proved by the probate.

Explanation 1.—This section applies equally to cases in which the contracts, grants
or dispositions of property referred to are contained in one document, and to cases in which
they are contained in more documents than one.

Explanation 2.—Where there are more originals than one, one original only need be
proved.

Explanation 3.—The statement, in any document whatever, of a fact other than the
facts referred to in this section, shall not preclude the admission of oral evidence as to the
same fact.

Illustrations.

(a) If a contract be contained in several letters, all the letters in which it is contained
must be proved.

(b) If a contract is contained in a bill of exchange, the bill of exchange must be
proved.

(c) If a bill of exchange is drawn in a set of three, one only need be proved.

(d) A contracts, in writing, with B, for the delivery of indigo upon certain terms. The
contract mentions the fact that B had paidA the price of other indigo contracted for verbally
on another occasion. Oral evidence is offered that no payment was made for the other
indigo. The evidence is admissible.

(e) A gives B a receipt for money paid by B. Oral evidence is offered of the payment.
The evidence is admissible.

95. When the terms of any such contract, grant or other disposition of property, or
any matter required by law to be reduced to the form of a document, have been proved
according to section 94, no evidence of any oral agreement or statement shall be admitted,
as between the parties to any such instrument or their representatives in interest, for the
purpose of contradicting, varying, adding to, or subtracting from, its terms:

Provided that any fact may be proved which would invalidate any document, or
which would entitle any person to any decree or order relating thereto; such as fraud,
intimidation, illegality, want of due execution, want of capacity in any contracting party,
want or failure of consideration, or mistake in fact or law:

Provided further that the existence of any separate oral agreement as to any matter on
which a document is silent, and which is not inconsistent with its terms, may be proved. In
considering whether or not this proviso applies, the Court shall have regard to the degree
of formality of the document:

Provided also that the existence of any separate oral agreement, constituting a condition
precedent to the attaching of any obligation under any such contract, grant or disposition
of property, may be proved:

Provided also that the existence of any distinct subsequent oral agreement to rescind
or modify any such contract, grant or disposition of property, may be proved, except in

Evidence of
terms of
contracts,
grants and
other
dispositions of
property
reduced to form
of document.

Exclusion of
evidence of
oral
agreement.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 29_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 29

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ VI
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯔꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯣꯔꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯀ꯭ ꯂꯨꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

꯹꯴. ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯒ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯣꯠ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ
ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ, ꯒ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟ꯭ ꯇ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯣꯠ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ
ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯁꯟ ꯱ .-ꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯄꯤꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯁꯟ ꯲ -ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯇ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯕꯦꯠꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯕꯦꯠꯇ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯱ -ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ, ꯁꯦꯟꯊꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯲ -ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯗ, ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯳ -ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯕꯗ
ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯆꯦ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯛ꯭ ꯁꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯛ꯭ ꯁꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(c) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯫

(d) ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯅꯤꯝ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ Bꯒ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ
ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯅꯤꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ Bꯅ Aꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯄꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯅꯤꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(e) Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯆꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤ ꯫ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤ ꯫
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯹꯵. ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ, ꯒ꯭ ꯔꯦꯟꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 94ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ, ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕ, ꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯟꯕ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ:

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯃꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯍꯛ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯐ꯭ ꯔꯣꯗ, ꯀꯤꯍꯟꯕ,
ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ, ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯄꯥꯝꯗꯕ, ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ, ꯄꯥꯝꯖꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯈꯟꯕꯗ ꯃꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯛꯄ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯗ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ:

ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯕꯤꯁꯤꯑꯣ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯒꯗ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯣꯏꯗ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯂꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯒꯅꯤ:

ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ, ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕꯗ
ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯜ ꯊꯗꯥꯕ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ:

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯂꯕ
ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ,
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ

ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡ,
ꯒ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ
ꯂꯧꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯀꯤ
ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ
꯫

ꯆꯤꯅꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯌꯥꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯫



cases in which such contract, grant or disposition of property is by law required to be in
writing, or has been registered according to the law in force for the time being as to the
registration of documents:

Provided also that any usage or custom by which incidents not expressly mentioned
in any contract are usually annexed to contracts of that description, may be proved:

Provided also that the annexing of such incident would not be repugnant to, or
inconsistent with, the express terms of the contract:

Provided also that any fact may be proved which shows in what manner the language
of a document is related to existing facts.

Illustrations.

(a) A policy of insurance is effected on goods "in ships from Kolkata to
Visakhapatnam". The goods are shipped in a particular ship which is lost. The fact that
particular ship was orally excepted from the policy, cannot be proved.

(b) A agrees absolutely in writing to pay B one thousand rupees on the
1st March, 2023. The fact that, at the same time, an oral agreement was made that the money
should not be paid till the 31st March, 2023, cannot be proved.

(c) An estate called "the Rampur tea estate" is sold by a deed which contains a map
of the property sold. The fact that land not included in the map had always been regarded
as part of the estate and was meant to pass by the deed cannot be proved.

(d) A enters into a written contract with B to work certain mines, the property of B,
upon certain terms. Awas induced to do so by a misrepresentation of B's as to their value.
This fact may be proved.

(e) A institutes a suit against B for the specific performance of a contract, and also
prays that the contract may be reformed as to one of its provisions, as that provision was
inserted in it by mistake.Amay prove that such a mistake was made as would by law entitle
him to have the contract reformed.

(f) A orders goods of B by a letter in which nothing is said as to the time of payment,
and accepts the goods on delivery. B sues A for the price. Amay show that the goods were
supplied on credit for a term still unexpired.

(g) A sells B a horse and verbally warrants him sound. A gives B a paper in these
words—"Bought ofAa horse for thirty thousand rupees". B may prove the verbal warranty.

(h) A hires lodgings of B, and gives B a card on which is written—"Rooms, ten
thousand rupees a month". A may prove a verbal agreement that these terms were to
include partial board. A hires lodging of B for a year, and a regularly stamped agreement,
drawn up by an advocate, is made between them. It is silent on the subject of board.Amay
not prove that board was included in the term verbally.

(i) A applies to B for a debt due toAby sending a receipt for the money. B keeps the
receipt and does not send the money. In a suit for the amount, Amay prove this.

(j) A and B make a contract in writing to take effect upon the happening of a certain
contingency. The writing is left with B who suesA upon it. Amay show the circumstances
under which it was delivered.

96. When the language used in a document is, on its face, ambiguous or defective,
evidence may not be given of facts which would show its meaning or supply its defects.

Illustrations.

(a) A agrees, in writing, to sell a horse to B for "one lakh rupees or one lakh fifty
thousand rupees". Evidence cannot be given to show which price was to be given.

(b) A deed contains blanks. Evidence cannot be given of facts which would show
how they were meant to be filled.

Exclusion of
evidence to
explain or
amend
ambiguous
document.

30 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



30 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ
ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ
ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯫

ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ
ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ:

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯄꯟꯗꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯟꯕ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ:

ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯂꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯆꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ
ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯣꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ:

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯄꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) "ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯁꯥꯈꯄꯥꯇꯅꯝ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯒꯤ ꯖꯍꯥꯖꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ" ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯏꯟꯁꯨꯔꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫
ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯔ꯭ ꯆ ꯱ꯗ Bꯗ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯃꯇꯝ
ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯇꯗ, ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯏꯪ 2023ꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯔ꯭ ꯆ 31 ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ ꯫

(c) "ꯔꯥꯝꯄꯔꯨ ꯆꯥ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠ" ꯀꯧꯕ ꯏꯁꯇꯦꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯗ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯦꯞ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯌꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯦꯞ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ
ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ ꯏꯁꯇꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯆꯠꯄꯅꯤ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ ꯫

(d) ꯑꯦꯅ ꯕꯤꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ, ꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ
ꯑꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ B 'ꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯎꯠꯄꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ
ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(e) Aꯅ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯈꯠꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕꯁꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯏꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤ
ꯍꯛ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(f) Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯦꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯍꯥꯏꯗꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯊꯣꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯂꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ Bꯅ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛ Aꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯂꯣꯏꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(g) Aꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯜ ꯁꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯒ ꯆꯦ
ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤ-"Aꯅ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯗ ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ" ꯫ Bꯅ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(h) Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯐꯝ ꯋꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯗ "ꯀꯥ, ꯊꯥ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯔꯥ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯀꯥꯔꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ
ꯑꯃ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯄꯥꯔꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯕꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯐꯝ
ꯋꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯥꯝ꯭ ꯞ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯌꯥꯅ-ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯕꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯀꯤ
ꯍꯤꯔꯝꯗ ꯇꯨꯃꯤꯟꯅ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯟꯅꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯕꯣꯔꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ Aꯅ ꯎꯠꯇꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

(i) Aꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯞ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯔꯥꯒ Aꯅ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯗ ꯊꯏꯥ ꯫ Bꯅ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯞ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯔꯥꯛꯇꯦ ꯫ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁ꯭ ꯌꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ, Aꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(j) A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯏ ꯫ ꯑꯏꯕ
ꯑꯗꯨ Bꯗ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ Aꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯹꯶. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗ,ꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ, ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ,
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯅ, ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, Bꯗ "ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ ꯑꯃ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ ꯃꯉꯥꯃꯛꯨ" ꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ ꯫ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ
ꯃꯃꯜ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ ꯫

(b) ꯗꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯍꯥꯡꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯍꯟꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫



97. When language used in a document is plain in itself, andwhen it applies accurately
to existing facts, evidence may not be given to show that it was not meant to apply to such
facts.

Illustration.

Asells to B, by deed, "my estate at Rampur containing one hundred bighas".Ahas an
estate at Rampur containing one hundred bighas. Evidence may not be given of the fact
that the estate meant to be sold was one situated at a different place and of a different size.

98. When language used in a document is plain in itself, but is unmeaning in reference
to existing facts, evidence may be given to show that it was used in a peculiar sense.

Illustration.

A sells to B, by deed, "my house in Kolkata". A had no house in Kolkata, but it
appears that he had a house at Howrah, of which B had been in possession since the
execution of the deed. These facts may be proved to show that the deed related to the
house at Howrah.

99. When the facts are such that the language used might have been meant to apply
to any one, and could not have been meant to apply to more than one, of several persons or
things, evidence may be given of facts which show which of those persons or things it was
intended to apply to.

Illustrations.

(a) A agrees to sell to B, for one thousand rupees, "my white horse". A has two white
horses. Evidence may be given of facts which show which of them was meant.

(b) A agrees to accompany B to Ramgarh. Evidence may be given of facts showing
whether Ramgarh in Rajasthan or Ramgarh in Uttarakhand was meant.

100. When the language used applies partly to one set of existing facts, and partly to
another set of existing facts, but the whole of it does not apply correctly to either, evidence
may be given to show to which of the two it was meant to apply.

Illustration.

A agrees to sell to B "my land at X in the occupation of Y". A has land at X, but not
in the occupation of Y, and he has land in the occupation of Y but it is not at X. Evidence
may be given of facts showing which he meant to sell.

101. Evidence may be given to show the meaning of illegible or not commonly
intelligible characters, of foreign, obsolete, technical, local and regional expressions, of
abbreviations and of words used in a peculiar sense.

Illustration.

A, sculptor, agrees to sell to B, "all mymods".Ahas both models and modelling tools.
Evidence may be given to show which he meant to sell.

102. Persons who are not parties to a document, or their representatives in interest,
may give evidence of any facts tending to show a contemporaneous agreement varying the
terms of the document.

Illustration.

Aand B make a contract in writing that B shall sellA certain cotton, to be paid for on
delivery. At the same time, they make an oral agreement that three months’ credit shall be
given to A. This could not be shown as between A and B, but it might be shown by C, if it
affected his interests.

103. Nothing in this Chapter shall be taken to affect any of the provisions of the
Indian Succession Act, 1925 as to the construction of wills.

Exclusion of
evidence
against
application of
document to
existing facts.

Evidence as to
document
unmeaning in
reference to
existing facts.

Evidence as to
application of
language which
can apply to
one only of
several persons.

Evidence as to
application of
language to one
of two sets of
facts, to
neither of
which the
whole correctly
applies.

Evidence as to
meaning of
illegible
characters,
etc.

Saving of
provisions of
Indian
Succession Act
relating to
wills.

Who may
give evidence
of agreement
varying terms
of document.

39 of 1925.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 31_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 31

1925 ꯒꯤ 39

꯹꯷. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯕꯤꯘꯥ ꯆꯥꯝꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯔꯥꯝꯄꯔꯨꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯇꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯆꯦꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯌꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ Aꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯝꯄꯔꯨꯗ ꯕꯤꯘꯥ ꯆꯥꯝꯃ
ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯹꯸. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯂꯕꯁꯨ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯞ-ꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

"ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯆꯦꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯌꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗ Aꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ
ꯍꯥꯎꯔꯥꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯉꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ Bꯅ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯛꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯎꯔꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯹꯹. ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯀꯌꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯅ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ, ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ, "ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯑꯉꯧꯕ ꯁꯒꯣꯜ" ꯫ Aꯒꯤ ꯑꯉꯧꯕ ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ
ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ Bꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯔꯥꯝꯒꯔꯗ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ ꯫ ꯔꯥꯖꯁꯊꯟꯥꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯝꯒꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯎꯠꯇꯔꯥꯈꯟꯗꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯝꯒꯔꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ
ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯰꯰. ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ
ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ "Yꯅ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ Xꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯂꯝ" ꯫ Aꯒꯤ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ Xꯗ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ Yꯅ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯗꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ
ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ Yꯅ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯂꯤ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ Xꯗ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯈꯤꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯰꯱. ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯀꯦꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ,
ꯆꯠꯅꯗꯕ, ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ, ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯅꯦꯜ ꯋꯉꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ, ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯣꯞ ꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ
ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

A, ꯃꯤꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯕ, Bꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ, "ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯣꯗ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ" ꯫ Aꯗ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯫
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯰꯲. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ Bꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯂꯁꯤꯡ Aꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯃꯜ
ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯦꯗ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤ A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯖꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ
ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ Cꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯰꯳. ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯋꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯁꯛꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯛ꯭ ꯠ, ꯱꯹꯲꯵ꯒꯤ
ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯂꯧꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ
ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ
ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ
ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ
ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯗ
ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯣꯜ
ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ
ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯣꯜ
ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯗ
ꯃꯄꯡꯨꯐꯥꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯕ
ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯆꯠꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ
ꯀꯦꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯑꯔꯊꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ,
ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕ ꯫

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯀꯤ
ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ
ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯑꯦꯒ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯀꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯋꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ
ꯁꯛꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯁꯟ
ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ
ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯫



PARTIV

PRODUCTION AND EFFECT OF EVIDENCE

CHAPTERVII

OF THE BURDEN OF PROOF

104. Whoever desires any Court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability
dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts must prove that those facts exist, and
when a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact, it is said that the burden of proof
lies on that person.

Illustrations.

(a) A desires a Court to give judgment that B shall be punished for a crime which A
says B has committed. Amust prove that B has committed the crime.

(b) A desires a Court to give judgment that he is entitled to certain land in the
possession of B, by reason of facts which he asserts, and which B denies, to be true.Amust
prove the existence of those facts.

105. The burden of proof in a suit or proceeding lies on that person who would fail if
no evidence at all were given on either side.

Illustrations.

(a) A sues B for land of which B is in possession, and which, as A asserts, was left to
Aby the will of C, B's father. If no evidence were given on either side, B would be entitled to
retain his possession. Therefore, the burden of proof is on A.

(b) A sues B for money due on a bond. The execution of the bond is admitted, but B
says that it was obtained by fraud, whichAdenies. If no evidence were given on either side,
A would succeed, as the bond is not disputed and the fraud is not proved. Therefore, the
burden of proof is on B.

106. The burden of proof as to any particular fact lies on that person who wishes the
Court to believe in its existence, unless it is provided by any law that the proof of that fact
shall lie on any particular person.

Illustration.

A prosecutes B for theft, and wishes the Court to believe that B admitted the theft to
C. Amust prove the admission. B wishes the Court to believe that, at the time in question,
he was elsewhere. He must prove it.

107. The burden of proving any fact necessary to be proved in order to enable any
person to give evidence of any other fact is on the person who wishes to give such
evidence.

Illustrations.

(a) A wishes to prove a dying declaration by B. Amust prove B's death.

(b) A wishes to prove, by secondary evidence, the contents of a lost document. A
must prove that the document has been lost.

108. When a person is accused of any offence, the burden of proving the existence of
circumstances bringing the case within any of the General Exceptions in the Bharatiya
Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 or within any special exception or proviso contained in any other part
of the said Sanhita, or in any law defining the offence, is upon him, and the Court shall
presume the absence of such circumstances.

Burden of
proof.

On whom
burden of
proof lies.

Burden of
proof as to
particular fact.

Burden of
proving fact
to be proved
to make
evidence
admissible.

Burden of
proving that
case of accused
comes within
exceptions.

32 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



32 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯂꯨꯝ
꯫

ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯤ
ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ
ꯑꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ
ꯑꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ
ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯅꯕ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ
ꯑꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ
ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯛꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯔꯨꯛ IV

ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯗꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯐꯦꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯚꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ VII

ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯂꯨꯝ

꯱꯰꯴. ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯍꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯥꯗ Bꯅ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ Aꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ
꯫ Aꯅ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ Bꯅ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ, Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ
ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯰꯵. ꯁꯨꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟ꯭ ꯁ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯐꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ
ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯆꯠꯊꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Aꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ, Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ Cꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯅ
Aꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, Bꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯧꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯐꯀꯤ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ Aꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯕꯣꯟ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯏꯈꯠꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ Bꯅ
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯖ-ꯥꯊꯝꯨꯖꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ Aꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, A
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯛꯀꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯕꯣꯟ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯟꯖ-ꯥꯊꯝꯨꯖꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ, ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯐꯀꯤ
ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯫

꯱꯰꯶. ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ
ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

Aꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ Bꯅ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ
ꯌꯥꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯕꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯰꯷. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯌꯤꯡ ꯗꯤꯀ꯭ ꯂꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ Aꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯰꯸. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯌ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, 2023ꯒꯤ ꯖꯦꯅꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯁꯟ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯁ꯭ ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯁꯟ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯕꯤꯁꯤꯑꯣ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯄ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ
ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ
ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫



Illustrations.

(a) A, accused of murder, alleges that, by reason of unsoundness of mind, he did not
know the nature of the act. The burden of proof is on A.

(b) A, accused of murder, alleges that, by grave and sudden provocation, he was
deprived of the power of self-control. The burden of proof is on A.

(c) Section 117 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 provides that whoever, except in
the case provided for by sub-section (2) of section 122, voluntarily causes grievous hurt,
shall be subject to certain punishments.A is charged with voluntarily causing grievous hurt
under section 117. The burden of proving the circumstances bringing the case under
sub-section (2) of section 122 lies on A.

109.When any fact is especially within the knowledge of any person, the burden of
proving that fact is upon him.

Illustrations.

(a) When a person does an act with some intention other than that which the character
and circumstances of the act suggest, the burden of proving that intention is upon him.

(b) A is charged with travelling on a railway without a ticket. The burden of proving
that he had a ticket is on him.

110. When the question is whether a man is alive or dead, and it is shown that he was
alive within thirty years, the burden of proving that he is dead is on the person who affirms
it.

111.When the question is whether a man is alive or dead, and it is proved that he has
not been heard of for seven years by those who would naturally have heard of him if he had
been alive, the burden of proving that he is alive is shifted to the person who affirms it.

112. When the question is whether persons are partners, landlord and tenant, or
principal and agent, and it has been shown that they have been acting as such, the burden
of proving that they do not stand, or have ceased to stand, to each other in those
relationships respectively, is on the person who affirms it.

113. When the question is whether any person is owner of anything of which he is
shown to be in possession, the burden of proving that he is not the owner is on the person
who affirms that he is not the owner.

114.Where there is a question as to the good faith of a transaction between parties,
one of whom stands to the other in a position of active confidence, the burden of proving
the good faith of the transaction is on the party who is in a position of active confidence.

Illustrations.

(a) The good faith of a sale by a client to an advocate is in question in a suit brought
by the client. The burden of proving the good faith of the transaction is on the advocate.

(b) The good faith of a sale by a son just come of age to a father is in question in a suit
brought by the son. The burden of proving the good faith of the transaction is on the father.

Burden of
proving fact
especially
within
knowledge.

Burden of
proving death
of person
known to
have been
alive within
thirty years.

Burden of
proving that
person is alive
who has not
been heard of
for seven
years.

Burden of
proof as to
relationship in
the cases of
partners,
landlord and
tenant,
principal and
agent.

Burden of
proof as to
ownership.

Proof of good
faith in
transactions
where one
party is in
relation of
active
confidence.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 33_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 33

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯆꯦꯟꯅꯕ Aꯅ, ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯠꯄꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯐ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ Aꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜꯗ ꯆꯦꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ Aꯅ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯕꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ
ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯊꯩꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯐꯀꯤ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ Aꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯫

(c) ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯱꯷ꯅ, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯱꯲ꯒꯤ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯲)ꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯅ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯤ ꯫ A ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯱꯷ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯅ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯲꯲ꯒꯤ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯲)ꯒꯤ
ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯄ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ Aꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯫

꯱꯰꯹. ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯪꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ
ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

(b) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ ꯔꯦꯜꯋꯦꯗ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯇꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

꯱꯱꯰. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯆꯍꯤ 30ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯍꯤꯡꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

꯱꯱꯱. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯤꯡꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯍꯤꯡꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯦꯠꯇꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯥꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ
ꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯫

꯱꯱꯲. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯔꯥ, ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯧ ꯎꯔꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯥꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗ꯭ ꯔ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯛꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯊꯪꯁꯤꯠꯅ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

꯱꯱꯳. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯎꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

꯱꯱꯴. ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯅ
ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯗ ꯂꯩꯕꯅ, ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯇ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯆꯍꯤ ꯁꯨꯕꯗ ꯉꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯅ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯄ ꯁ꯭ ꯌꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯩ ꯫
ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

ꯈꯪꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ
ꯑꯋꯥꯕ ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯆꯍꯤ ꯳꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ
ꯍꯤꯡꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯈꯡꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯁꯤꯔꯦ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯦꯠꯇꯨꯗꯒꯤ
ꯈꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯕ ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ,
ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯂꯧꯐꯝ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ,
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯥꯜ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠꯀꯤ
ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ
ꯑꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯂꯩ
꯫

ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯅ
ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ
ꯃꯔꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ
ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗ
ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯫



115. (1) Where a person is accused of having committed any offence specified in
sub-section (2), in—

(a) any area declared to be a disturbed area under any enactment for the time
being in force, making provision for the suppression of disorder and restoration and
maintenance of public order; or

(b) any area in which there has been, over a period of more than one month,
extensive disturbance of the public peace,

and it is shown that such person had been at a place in such area at a time when firearms or
explosives were used at or from that place to attack or resist the members of any armed
forces or the forces charged with the maintenance of public order acting in the discharge of
their duties, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is shown, that such person had
committed such offence.

(2) The offences referred to in sub-section (1) are the following, namely:—

(a) an offence under section 147, section 148, section 149 or section 150 of the
Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023;

(b) criminal conspiracy or attempt to commit, or abetment of, an offence under
section 149 or section 150 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.

116. The fact that any person was born during the continuance of a valid marriage
between his mother and anyman, or within two hundred and eighty days after its dissolution,
the mother remaining unmarried, shall be conclusive proof that he is the legitimate child of
that man, unless it can be shown that the parties to the marriage had no access to each other
at any time when he could have been begotten.

117.When the question is whether the commission of suicide by a woman had been
abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband and it is shown that she had
committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage and that her
husband or such relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the Court may
presume, having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had
been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, "cruelty" shall have the samemeaning
as in section 86 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.

118. When the question is whether a person has committed the dowry death of a
woman and it is shown that soon before her death, such woman had been subjected by
such person to cruelty or harassment for, or in connection with, any demand for dowry, the
Court shall presume that such person had caused the dowry death.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, "dowry death" shall have the same
meaning as in section 80 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.

119. (1) The Court may presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have
happened, regard being had to the common course of natural events, human conduct and
public and private business, in their relation to the facts of the particular case.

Illustrations.

The Court may presume that—

(a) a man who is in possession of stolen goods soon, after the theft is either the
thief or has received the goods knowing them to be stolen, unless he can account for
his possession;

(b) an accomplice is unworthy of credit, unless he is corroborated in material
particulars;

Presumption
as to certain
offences.

Birth during
marriage,
conclusive
proof of
legitimacy.

Presumption
as to abetment
of suicide by a
married
woman.

Presumption
as to dowry
death.

Court may
presume
existence of
certain facts.

34 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



34 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ
ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯫

ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯄꯣꯛꯄ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯒꯤ
ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
꯫

ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ
ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯃꯥꯘꯥꯠ
ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ
ꯄꯥꯡꯉꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ
꯫

ꯑꯋꯟꯨꯄꯣꯠꯀꯤ
ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ
ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯈꯔ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯱꯵. (꯱) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯲) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, -

(a) ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯟꯅꯦꯛꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯆꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯆꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯊꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯉꯥꯛ-ꯁꯦꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ;
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ

(b) ꯊꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯇꯤꯗ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯁꯟꯅ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ,
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯩ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯣꯈꯏꯥꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯔꯝ ꯐꯣꯔ꯭ ꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ
ꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯉꯥꯛ-ꯁꯦꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯟꯗꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ
ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯱) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ: -

(a) ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯴꯷, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯴꯸, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯴꯹ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯵꯰ꯒꯤ
ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃ;

(b) ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯴꯹ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯵꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯁꯔꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯕ ꯫

꯱꯱꯶. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯆꯅꯤꯒ ꯃꯔꯤꯐꯨ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯗꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ, ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯄꯣꯛꯂꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯁꯝꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

꯱꯱꯷. ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯃꯥꯘꯥꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ-ꯃꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ
ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯇꯥꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯦꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥꯘꯥꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕꯅ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ-ꯃꯇꯥ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯅ ꯑꯣꯠꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ
ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯌꯦꯡꯗꯅꯨ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯇꯃꯥꯘꯥꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ
ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ-ꯃꯇꯥ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, "ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯨ ꯌꯦꯜꯇꯤ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ
ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯸꯶ꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯱꯸. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯟꯨꯄꯣꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯁꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯋꯟꯨꯄꯣꯠꯀ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯅ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯔ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯅ ꯇꯝꯊꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯣꯠ-ꯅꯩꯕ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯋꯟꯨꯄꯣꯠ ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, "ꯑꯋꯟꯨꯄꯣꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠ (ꯗꯥꯎꯔꯤ ꯗꯦꯗ)" ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯥꯏ
ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯸꯰ꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯱꯹. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯅ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ,
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯗꯅꯨ,
ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯈꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ -

(a) ꯍꯨꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯅꯨ ꯍꯨꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯨꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯨꯈꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯈꯪꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯧꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯩꯁꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ;

(b) ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯣꯠ-ꯆꯩꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯆꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ
ꯆꯥꯗꯦ ꯫



(c) a bill of exchange, accepted or endorsed, was accepted or endorsed for good
consideration;

(d) a thing or state of things which has been shown to be in existence within a
period shorter than that within which such things or state of things usually cease to
exist, is still in existence;

(e) judicial and official acts have been regularly performed;

(f) the common course of business has been followed in particular cases;

(g) evidence which could be and is not produced would, if produced, be
unfavourable to the person who withholds it;

(h) if a man refuses to answer a question which he is not compelled to answer
by law, the answer, if given, would be unfavourable to him;

(i) when a document creating an obligation is in the hands of the obligor, the
obligation has been discharged.

(2) The Court shall also have regard to such facts as the following, in considering
whether such maxims do or do not apply to the particular case before it:—

(i) as to Illustration (a)—a shop-keeper has in his bill a marked rupee soon after
it was stolen, and cannot account for its possession specifically, but is continually
receiving rupees in the course of his business;

(ii) as to Illustration (b)—A, a person of the highest character, is tried for
causing a man's death by an act of negligence in arranging certain machinery. B, a
person of equally good character, who also took part in the arrangement, describes
precisely what was done, and admits and explains the common carelessness ofAand
himself;

(iii) as to Illustration (b)—a crime is committed by several persons.A, B and C,
three of the criminals, are captured on the spot and kept apart from each other. Each
gives an account of the crime implicating D, and the accounts corroborate each other
in such a manner as to render previous concert highly improbable;

(iv) as to Illustration (c)—A, the drawer of a bill of exchange, was a man of
business. B, the acceptor, was a young and ignorant person, completely under A's
influence;

(v) as to Illustration (d)—it is proved that a river ran in a certain course five
years ago, but it is known that there have been floods since that time which might
change its course;

(vi) as to Illustration (e)—a judicial act, the regularity of which is in question,
was performed under exceptional circumstances;

(vii) as to Illustration (f)—the question is, whether a letter was received. It is
shown to have been posted, but the usual course of the post was interrupted by
disturbances;

(viii) as to Illustration (g)—a man refuses to produce a document which would
bear on a contract of small importance on which he is sued, but which might also
injure the feelings and reputation of his family;

(ix) as to Illustration (h)—a man refuses to answer a question which he is not
compelled by law to answer, but the answer to it might cause loss to him in matters
unconnected with the matter in relation to which it is asked;

(x) as to Illustration (i)—a bond is in possession of the obligor, but the
circumstances of the case are such that he may have stolen it.

120. In a prosecution for rape under sub-section (2) of section 64 of the Bharatiya
Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, where sexual intercourse by the accused is proved and the question
is whether it was without the consent of the woman alleged to have been raped and such
woman states in her evidence before the Court that she did not consent, the Court shall
presume that she did not consent.

Presumption
as to absence
of consent in
certain
prosecution
for rape.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 35_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 35

(c) ꯌꯥꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯟꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯈꯟꯅꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯌꯥꯈꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ
ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫

(d) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ
ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ;

(e) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤ;

(f) ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯀꯝꯃꯟ ꯀꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤ ꯫

(g) ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗ,ꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯎꯠꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ
ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ;

(h) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯕ
ꯌꯥꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯈꯗꯨꯣꯡ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ;

(i) ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯫

(꯲) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯒꯗ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯠꯅꯗ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯗꯁꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯒꯅꯤ: -

(i) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ (a) ꯒꯤ - ꯗꯀꯥꯨꯟꯗꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯤꯜꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯏꯀꯨꯏ-ꯀꯨꯏꯗꯅ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯜꯂꯕ
ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯥꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯝꯗꯗꯤ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅ ꯁꯦꯜꯗꯤ
ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤ꯫

(ii) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ (b)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ - ꯈ꯭ ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ
ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯗ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯗꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ
ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯕ B, ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯁꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ
ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯄꯟꯨꯕ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯏ;

(iii) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ (b) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ-ꯃꯤꯌꯣꯏ ꯀꯌꯥꯅ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ A, B ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ C
ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯐꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯇꯣꯈꯏꯥꯅ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅ Dꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯁꯧꯒꯠꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ
ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯏꯁꯩ-ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(iv) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ (c)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ- ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯟꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯗ꯭ ꯔꯣꯋꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ B,
ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯛ, ꯑꯁꯤ Aꯒꯤ ꯏꯊꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯄꯡꯨꯐꯥꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯍꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯪꯖꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ;

(v) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ (d ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ- ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯏ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯇꯨꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯃꯉꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯏꯆꯦꯜ
ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯤ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯆꯥꯎꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯩ ꯃꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯏꯆꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ
ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(vi) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ (e)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ-ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯩ,
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯞ ꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫

(vii) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ (f) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ-ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ ꯠ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ,
ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯌꯦꯠ-ꯑꯄꯟꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯔꯛ ꯊꯠꯈꯤ ꯫

(viii) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ (g) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ-ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯂꯤꯕ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯃꯡꯨ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠꯄꯨ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯒꯗꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

(ix) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ (h) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ-ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯅ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(x) ꯏꯂꯁ꯭ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ (i) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ- ꯕꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯇ ꯂꯧ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ
ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯍꯨꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯲꯰. ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯴ꯒꯤ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯲)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ, ꯐꯝꯂꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕꯗ
ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯛ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯛꯇꯤꯟꯅꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯝꯂꯥꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ
ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯐꯝꯂꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ
ꯄꯤꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ꯫



Explanation.—In this section, "sexual intercourse" shall mean any of the acts
mentioned in section 63 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.

CHAPTERVIII

ESTOPPEL

121.When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused
or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true and to act upon such belief, neither
he nor his representative shall be allowed, in any suit or proceeding between himself and
such person or his representative, to deny the truth of that thing.

Illustration.

A intentionally and falsely leads B to believe that certain land belongs to A, and
thereby induces B to buy and pay for it. The land afterwards becomes the property of A,
and A seeks to set aside the sale on the ground that, at the time of the sale, he had no title.
He must not be allowed to prove his want of title.

122. No tenant of immovable property, or person claiming through such tenant, shall,
during the continuance of the tenancy or any time thereafter, be permitted to deny that the
landlord of such tenant had, at the beginning of the tenancy, a title to such immovable
property; and no person who came upon any immovable property by the licence of the
person in possession thereof shall be permitted to deny that such person had a title to such
possession at the time when such licence was given.

123.No acceptor of a bill of exchange shall be permitted to deny that the drawer had
authority to draw such bill or to endorse it; nor shall any bailee or licensee be permitted to
deny that his bailor or licensor had, at the time when the bailment or licence commenced,
authority to make such bailment or grant such licence.

Explanation 1.—The acceptor of a bill of exchange may deny that the bill was really
drawn by the person by whom it purports to have been drawn.

Explanation 2.—If a bailee delivers the goods bailed to a person other than the
bailor, he may prove that such person had a right to them as against the bailor.

CHAPTERIX

OF WITNESSES

124. All persons shall be competent to testify unless the Court considers that they
are prevented from understanding the questions put to them, or from giving rational answers
to those questions, by tender years, extreme old age, disease, whether of body or mind, or
any other cause of the same kind.

Explanation.—A person of unsound mind is not incompetent to testify, unless he is
prevented by his unsoundness of mind from understanding the questions put to him and
giving rational answers to them.

125.Awitness who is unable to speak may give his evidence in any other manner in
which he can make it intelligible, as by writing or by signs; but such writing must be written
and the signs made in open Court and evidence so given shall be deemed to be oral
evidence:

Provided that if the witness is unable to communicate verbally, the Court shall take
the assistance of an interpreter or a special educator in recording the statement, and such
statement shall be videographed.

Estoppel.

Estoppel of
tenant and of
licensee of
person in
possession.

Estoppel of
acceptor of
bill of
exchange,
bailee or
licensee.

Who may
testify.

Witness
unable to
communicate
verbally.

36 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



36 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯏꯁꯇꯣꯄꯦꯜ ꯫

ꯇꯦꯅꯥꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ
꯫

ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ
ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ, ꯕꯦꯂꯤ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁꯤꯒꯤ
ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯇꯔꯒꯤ
ꯏꯁꯇꯣꯞꯄꯦꯜ꯫

ꯀꯅꯥꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯅ ꯆꯤꯜꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ
ꯉꯝꯗꯦ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫- ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ, "ꯁꯦꯛꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯁ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ
ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯳ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯅꯨꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ VIII

ꯏꯁꯇꯣꯄꯦꯜ

꯱꯲꯱. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯄ, ꯊꯕꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯇꯧꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ, ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ
ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ
ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯗ, ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

Aꯅ ꯊꯋꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ Bꯕꯨ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ Aꯒꯤꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ
Bꯕꯨ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ Aꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯣꯈꯏꯥꯅ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ
ꯄꯥꯝꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯲꯲. ꯂꯦꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯅꯥꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯇꯦꯅꯥꯟ꯭ ꯠꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯦꯝ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ
ꯇꯦꯅꯥꯟ꯭ ꯠꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯇꯦꯅꯥꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯕꯅꯨ ꯇꯦꯅꯥꯟ꯭ ꯠꯁꯤꯒꯤ
ꯍꯧꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯦꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯏꯇꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯏꯁꯤꯟꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯦꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯂꯥꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯇꯥꯏꯇꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ꯫

꯱꯲꯳. ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ; ꯕꯦꯂꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯦꯂꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁꯔ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯕꯦꯜꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯍꯧꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯜꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯱.- ꯁꯦꯜ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯅꯝꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯲- ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯕꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯕꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯕꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ IX

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

꯱꯲꯴. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯕꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯇꯦꯟꯇꯔ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯀꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯑꯍꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕ, ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥ, ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫- ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯅ ꯃꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯕ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯲꯵. ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ,
ꯑꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯗꯨꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯄꯟ ꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ,
ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ:

ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯍꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯂꯣꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁ꯭ ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯗꯀꯨꯦꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯚꯤꯗ꯭ ꯌꯣꯒ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯐ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫



126. (1) In all civil proceedings the parties to the suit, and the husband or wife of any
party to the suit, shall be competent witnesses.

(2) In criminal proceedings against any person, the husband or wife of such person,
respectively, shall be a competent witness.

127. No Judge or Magistrate shall, except upon the special order of some Court to
which he is subordinate, be compelled to answer any question as to his own conduct in
Court as such Judge or Magistrate, or as to anything which came to his knowledge in Court
as such Judge or Magistrate; but he may be examined as to other matters which occurred in
his presence whilst he was so acting.

Illustrations.

(a) A, on his trial before the Court of Session, says that a deposition was improperly
taken by B, the Magistrate. B cannot be compelled to answer questions as to this, except
upon the special order of a superior Court.

(b)A is accused before the Court of Session of having given false evidence before B,
a Magistrate. B cannot be asked whatA said, except upon the special order of the superior
Court.

(c) A is accused before the Court of Session of attempting to murder a police officer
whilst on his trial before B, a Sessions Judge. B may be examined as to what occurred.

128. No person who is or has been married, shall be compelled to disclose any
communication made to him during marriage by any person to whom he is or has been
married; nor shall he be permitted to disclose any such communication, unless the person
who made it, or his representative in interest, consents, except in suits between married
persons, or proceedings in which one married person is prosecuted for any crime committed
against the other.

129.No one shall be permitted to give any evidence derived from unpublished official
records relating to any affairs of State, except with the permission of the officer at the head
of the department concerned, who shall give or withhold such permission as he thinks fit.

130.No public officer shall be compelled to disclose communications made to him in
official confidence, when he considers that the public interests would suffer by the disclosure.

131. No Magistrate or police officer shall be compelled to say when he got any
information as to the commission of any offence, and no revenue officer shall be compelled
to say when he got any information as to the commission of any offence against the public
revenue.

Explanation.—"revenue officer" means any officer employed in or about the business
of any branch of the public revenue.

132. (1) No advocate, shall at any time be permitted, unless with his client's express
consent, to disclose any communication made to him in the course and for the purpose of
his service as such advocate, by or on behalf of his client, or to state the contents or
condition of any document with which he has become acquainted in the course and for the
purpose of his professional service, or to disclose any advice given by him to his client in
the course and for the purpose of such service:

Provided that nothing in this section shall protect from disclosure of—

(a) any such communication made in furtherance of any illegal purpose;

(b) any fact observed by any advocate, in the course of his service as such,
showing that any crime or fraud has been committed since the commencement of his
service.

Competency
of husband and
wife as
witnesses in
certain cases.

Judges and
Magistrates.

Communications
during
marriage.

Evidence as to
affairs of
State.

Official
communications.

Information
as to
commission of
offences.

Professional
communications.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 37_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 37

꯱꯲꯶. (꯱) ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡꯁꯅ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ ꯁꯨꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯨꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯤ
ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯃꯊꯪꯁꯤꯠꯅ, ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯲꯷. ꯖꯖ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠꯀꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ,
ꯖꯖ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯖꯖ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠ
ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯍꯪ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯝꯐꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ
ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯎꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯅ ꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠ Bꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ B ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯨꯄꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ ꯄꯦꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

(b) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ
ꯁꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯨꯄꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ ꯄꯦꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, Aꯅ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ Bꯗ ꯍꯪꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

(c) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯖꯖ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄꯂꯨꯤꯁ
ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯠꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ B ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯲꯸. ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ
ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ; ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ
ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ꯫

꯱꯲꯹. ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ ꯌꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯐꯣꯡꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ
ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ꯭ ꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ,
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯦꯞꯀꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯳꯰. ꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯋꯥꯕ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ
ꯈꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯊꯝꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯳꯱. ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯂꯨꯤꯁ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯐꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯌꯨ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯅ꯭ ꯌꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯎ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯐꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ-"ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯅ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯅ꯭ ꯌꯨꯒꯤ ꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯆ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯅꯨꯤ ꯫

꯱꯳꯲. (꯱) ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯕ,ꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ꯭ ꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯎꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ
ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ,
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯟꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯛꯈꯤꯕ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ꯭ ꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯂꯣꯏ-

(a) ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ;

(b) ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯍꯧꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐ꯭ ꯔꯣꯗ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯫

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ
ꯈꯔꯗꯗꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯅ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ
ꯉꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ ꯌꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ
꯫

ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ
ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯀꯝꯃꯤꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯫

ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ
ꯀꯝꯃ꯭ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ
꯫



(2) It is immaterial whether the attention of such advocate referred to in the proviso to
sub-section (1), was or was not directed to such fact by or on behalf of his client.

Explanation.—The obligation stated in this section continues after the professional
service has ceased.

Illustrations.

(a) A, a client, says to B, an advocate—"I have committed forgery, and I wish you to
defend me". As the defence of a man known to be guilty is not a criminal purpose, this
communication is protected from disclosure.

(b) A, a client, says to B, an advocate—"I wish to obtain possession of property by
the use of a forged deed on which I request you to sue". This communication, being made
in furtherance of a criminal purpose, is not protected from disclosure.

(c)A, being charged with embezzlement, retains B, an advocate, to defend him. In the
course of the proceedings, B observes that an entry has been made in A's account book,
charging Awith the sum said to have been embezzled, which entry was not in the book at
the commencement of his professional service. This being a fact observed by B in the
course of his service, showing that a fraud has been committed since the commencement of
the proceedings, it is not protected from disclosure.

(3) The provisions of this section shall apply to interpreters, and the clerks or
employees of advocates.

133. If any party to a suit gives evidence therein at his own instance or otherwise, he
shall not be deemed to have consented thereby to such disclosure as is mentioned in
section 132; and, if any party to a suit or proceeding calls any such advocate, as a witness,
he shall be deemed to have consented to such disclosure only if he questions such advocate,
on matters which, but for such question, he would not be at liberty to disclose.

134. Noone shall be compelled to disclose to the Court any confidential communication
which has taken place between him and his legal adviser, unless he offers himself as a
witness, in which case he may be compelled to disclose any such communications as may
appear to the Court necessary to be known in order to explain any evidence which he has
given, but no others.

135. No witness who is not a party to a suit shall be compelled to produce his
title-deeds to any property, or any document in virtue of which he holds any property as
pledgee or mortgagee or any document the production of which might tend to criminate
him, unless he has agreed in writing to produce themwith the person seeking the production
of such deeds or some person through whom he claims.

136. No one shall be compelled to produce documents in his possession or electronic
records under his control, which any other person would be entitled to refuse to produce if
they were in his possession or control, unless such last-mentioned person consents to
their production.

137. A witness shall not be excused from answering any question as to any matter
relevant to the matter in issue in any suit or in any civil or criminal proceeding, upon the
ground that the answer to such question will criminate, or may tend directly or indirectly to
criminate, such witness, or that it will expose, or tend directly or indirectly to expose, such
witness to a penalty or forfeiture of any kind:

Provided that no such answer, which a witness shall be compelled to give, shall
subject him to any arrest or prosecution, or be proved against him in any criminal proceeding,
except a prosecution forgiving false evidence by such answer.

Privilege not
waived by
volunteering
evidence.

Confidential
communication
with legal
advisers.

Production of
title-deeds of
witness not a
party.

Production of
documents or
electronic
records which
another
person, having
possession,
could refuse to
produce.

Witness not
excused from
answering on
ground that
answer will
criminate.

38 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



38 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯈꯗꯨꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯚꯣꯂꯨꯟꯇꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅ
ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯫

ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ
ꯄꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒ
ꯑꯔꯣꯟꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ
ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯫

ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ
ꯅꯠꯇꯕ
ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯇꯥꯏꯇꯜ-ꯗꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡ
ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄ ꯫

ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ,
ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯥ
ꯗꯣꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡ
ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄ꯫

ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯗꯒꯤ
ꯉꯥꯛꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ
ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯠ
ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ꯫

(꯲) ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯱) ꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯕꯤꯁꯣꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ
ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯟꯇꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯟꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ-"ꯑꯩꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯩꯉꯣꯟꯗ
ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ" ꯫ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯛ-ꯁꯦꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ
ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫

(b) ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ Aꯅ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ Bꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ-"ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ
ꯄꯥꯏꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ" ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ,
ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫

(c) A, ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ Bꯕꯨ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ,
ꯕꯤꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯑꯦꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯠꯀꯤ ꯕꯛꯨ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯥꯞꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ, ꯑꯦꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁ ꯍꯧꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯕꯤꯅ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅ, ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯧꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅ ꯁꯦꯟꯖ-ꯥꯊꯝꯨꯖꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫

(꯳) ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯎꯀꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯔ꯭ ꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ
ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯳꯳. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯗꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ
ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 132ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯣꯏ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯨꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯗꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕ,ꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ,
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯕ ꯐꯪꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯈꯛꯇꯗ
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯳꯴. ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛꯂꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯔꯣꯟꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯣꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯄꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ
ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯈꯡꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫

꯱꯳꯵. ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯂꯦꯖ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠꯒꯦꯖ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯇꯥꯜꯂꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯨꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯁꯨꯏꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ
ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯗꯣꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯝꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ꯫

꯱꯳꯶. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯠꯨꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯠꯨꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ
ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯎꯠꯄꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ,
ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

꯱꯳꯷. ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯁꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯋꯥꯍꯪ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨꯕꯗ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯅ ꯃꯈꯜ
ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯅꯝꯊꯛꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯟꯗꯤ ꯐꯪꯒꯅꯤ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ:

ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ
ꯉꯥꯛꯄꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯁꯤꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ꯫



138. An accomplice shall be a competent witness against an accused person;
and a conviction is not illegal if it proceeds upon the corroborated testimony of an
accomplice.

139. No particular number of witnesses shall in any case be required for the proof of
any fact.

CHAPTERX

OF EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES

140. The order in which witnesses are produced and examined shall be regulated by
the law and practice for the time being relating to civil and criminal procedure respectively,
and, in the absence of any such law, by the discretion of the Court.

141. (1) When either party proposes to give evidence of any fact, the Judge may ask
the party proposing to give the evidence in what manner the alleged fact, if proved, would
be relevant; and the Judge shall admit the evidence if he thinks that the fact, if proved,
would be relevant, and not otherwise.

(2) If the fact proposed to be proved is one of which evidence is admissible only upon
proof of some other fact, such last mentioned fact must be proved before evidence is given
of the fact first mentioned, unless the party undertakes to give proof of such fact, and the
Court is satisfied with such undertaking.

(3) If the relevancy of one alleged fact depends upon another alleged fact being first
proved, the Judge may, in his discretion, either permit evidence of the first fact to be given
before the second fact is proved, or require evidence to be given of the second fact before
evidence is given of the first fact.

Illustrations.

(a) It is proposed to prove a statement about a relevant fact by a person alleged to be
dead, which statement is relevant under section 26. The fact that the person is dead must be
proved by the person proposing to prove the statement, before evidence is given of the
statement.

(b) It is proposed to prove, by a copy, the contents of a document said to be lost. The
fact that the original is lost must be proved by the person proposing to produce the copy,
before the copy is produced.

(c) A is accused of receiving stolen property knowing it to have been stolen. It is
proposed to prove that he denied the possession of the property. The relevancy of the
denial depends on the identity of the property. The Court may, in its discretion, either
require the property to be identified before the denial of the possession is proved, or permit
the denial of the possession to be proved before the property is identified.

(d) It is proposed to prove a fact Awhich is said to have been the cause or effect of a
fact in issue. There are several intermediate facts B, C and D which must be shown to exist
before the fact A can be regarded as the cause or effect of the fact in issue. The Court may
either permitA to be proved before B, C or D is proved, or may require proof of B, C and D
before permitting proof ofA.

142. (1) The examination of a witness by the party who calls him shall be called his
examination-in-chief.

(2) The examination of a witness by the adverse party shall be called his
cross-examination.

(3) The examination of a witness, subsequent to the cross-examination, by the party
who called him, shall be called his re-examination.

Accomplice.

Number of
witnesses.

Order of
production
and
examination
of witnesses.

Judge to decide
as to
admissibility
of evidence.

Examination
of witnesses.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 39_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 39

꯱꯳꯸. ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯳꯹. ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ X

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

꯱꯴꯰. ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯈꯨꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯖꯨꯌꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯤꯁꯅ ꯃꯊꯪꯁꯤꯠꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ
ꯂꯩꯇ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯴꯱. (꯱) ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ
ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ
ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗ,ꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

(꯲) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯗ ꯈꯛꯇꯗ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ
ꯄꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯄꯦꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫

(꯳) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ, ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ
ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ
ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯁꯤꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ,
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 26ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯃꯁꯤ, ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯫
ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(c) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯨꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯨꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯈꯪꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ, ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ,
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

(d) ꯃꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯩꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ B, C ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ D ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ B, C ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ D ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ
Aꯕꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ Aꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ B, C ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Dꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯴꯲. (꯱) ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ
ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯳) ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯀꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯇꯦꯡꯕꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯤ꯫

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ
ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯫

ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏꯅ
ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡ
ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯤꯕ ꯫



143. (1) Witnesses shall be first examined-in-chief, then (if the adverse party so
desires) cross-examined, then (if the party calling him so desires) re-examined.

(2) The examination-in-chief and cross-examination must relate to relevant facts, but
the cross-examination need not be confined to the facts to which the witness testified on
his examination-in-chief.

(3) The re-examination shall be directed to the explanation of matters referred to in
cross-examination; and, if new matter is, by permission of the Court, introduced in
re-examination, the adverse party may further cross-examine upon that matter.

144.A person summoned to produce a document does not become a witness by the
mere fact that he produces it, and cannot be cross-examined unless and until he is called as
a witness.

145.Witnesses to character may be cross-examined and re-examined.

146. (1) Any question suggesting the answer which the person putting it wishes or
expects to receive, is called a leading question.

(2) Leading questions must not, if objected to by the adverse party, be asked in an
examination-in-chief, or in a re-examination, except with the permission of the Court.

(3) The Court shall permit leading questions as to matters which are introductory or
undisputed, or which have, in its opinion, been already sufficiently proved.

(4) Leading questions may be asked in cross-examination.

147. Any witness may be asked, while under examination, whether any contract,
grant or other disposition of property, as to which he is giving evidence, was not contained
in a document, and if he says that it was, or if he is about to make any statement as to the
contents of any document, which, in the opinion of the Court, ought to be produced, the
adverse party may object to such evidence being given until such document is produced,
or until facts have been proved which entitle the party who called the witness to give
secondary evidence of it.

Explanation.—Awitness may give oral evidence of statements made by other persons
about the contents of documents if such statements are in themselves relevant facts.

Illustration.

The question is, whether A assaulted B. C deposes that he heard A say to D—"B
wrote a letter accusing me of theft, and I will be revenged on him". This statement is
relevant, as showingA's motive for the assault, and evidence may be given of it, though no
other evidence is given about the letter.

148. A witness may be cross-examined as to previous statements made by him in
writing or reduced into writing, and relevant to matters in question, without such writing
being shown to him, or being proved; but, if it is intended to contradict him by the writing,
his attention must, before the writing can be proved, be called to those parts of it which are
to be used for the purpose of contradicting him.

149. When a witness is cross-examined, he may, in addition to the questions
hereinbefore referred to, be asked any questions which tend—

(a) to test his veracity; or

(b) to discover who he is and what is his position in life; or

(c) to shake his credit, by injuring his character, although the answer to such
questions might tend directly or indirectly to criminate him, or might expose or tend
directly or indirectly to expose him to a penalty or forfeiture:

Order of
examinations.

Cross-
examination
of person
called to
produce a
document.

Witnesses to
character.

Leading
questions.

Evidence as to
matters in
writing.

Cross-
examination
as to previous
statements in
writing.

Questions
lawful in
cross-
examination.

40 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



40 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯫

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃ
ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯧꯈꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ
ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯆꯔꯤꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒꯤ
ꯈꯗꯨꯝ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝ꯫

ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯜ ꯊꯔꯥꯤꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯏꯕ
ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤ
꯫

ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ
ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯤꯒꯗꯕ
ꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ
ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟꯗ
ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯔꯕ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

꯱꯴꯳. (꯱) ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ (ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ
ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ) ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ (ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ) ꯑꯃꯛꯨ
ꯍꯟꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ-ꯏꯟ-ꯆꯤꯐ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ-ꯏꯟ-ꯆꯤꯐꯇ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯈꯨꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

(꯳) ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ
ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯒꯅꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯧꯗꯅꯨ, ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ,
ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯴꯴. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ,
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯴꯵. ꯆꯔꯤꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯏꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯏꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

꯱꯴꯶. (꯱) ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ
ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯜ ꯊꯔꯥꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗ,ꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠꯀꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯎꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ,
ꯄꯔꯤꯈ꯭ ꯌꯥ-ꯏꯟ-ꯆꯤꯐ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯄꯔꯤꯈ꯭ ꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯪꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ ꯫

(꯳) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛꯂꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯇ꯭ ꯔꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛꯆꯥꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯴) ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟꯗ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯪꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯴꯷. ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ, ꯒ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ
ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ,
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ, ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯀꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ
ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯛ ꯄꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ-ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ
ꯑꯃꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯜꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ, Aꯅ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯕ B. Cꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ Aꯅ Dꯗ-"Bꯅ ꯑꯩꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯗꯅꯨ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯏꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯩ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯂꯃꯟ ꯈꯝꯨꯒꯅꯤ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯟꯗꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯴꯸. ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯣꯟꯊꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯎꯠꯄ,
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨ,ꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ
ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯴꯹. ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ, ꯃꯈꯗꯥ
ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯍꯪꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ:

(a) ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ

(b) ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯕꯅꯣ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯟꯨꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ

(c) ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯝꯊꯅꯕ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ
ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯁꯦꯟꯖ-ꯥꯊꯝꯨꯖꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ:



Provided that in a prosecution for an offence under section 64, section 65, section 66,
section 67, section 68, section 69, section 70 or section 71 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita,
2023 or for attempt to commit any such offence, where the question of consent is an issue,
it shall not be permissible to adduce evidence or to put questions in the cross-examination
of the victim as to the general immoral character, or previous sexual experience, of such
victim with any person for proving such consent or the quality of consent.

150. If any such question relates to a matter relevant to the suit or proceeding, the
provisions of section 137 shall apply thereto.

151. (1) If any such question relates to a matter not relevant to the suit or proceeding,
except in so far as it affects the credit of the witness by injuring his character, the Court shall
decide whether or not the witness shall be compelled to answer it, and may, if it thinks fit,
warn the witness that he is not obliged to answer it.

(2) In exercising its discretion, the Court shall have regard to the following
considerations, namely:—

(a) such questions are proper if they are of such a nature that the truth of the
imputation conveyed by them would seriously affect the opinion of the Court as to
the credibility of the witness on the matter to which he testifies;

(b) such questions are improper if the imputation which they convey relates to
matters so remote in time, or of such a character, that the truth of the imputation would
not affect, or would affect in a slight degree, the opinion of the Court as to the
credibility of the witness on the matter to which he testifies;

(c) such questions are improper if there is a great disproportion between the
importance of the imputation made against the witness's character and the importance
of his evidence;

(d) the Court may, if it sees fit, draw, from the witness's refusal to answer, the
inference that the answer if given would be unfavourable.

152. No such question as is referred to in section 151 ought to be asked, unless the
person asking it has reasonable grounds for thinking that the imputation which it conveys
is well-founded.

Illustrations.

(a) An advocate is instructed by another advocate that an important witness is a
dacoit. This is a reasonable ground for asking the witness whether he is a dacoit.

(b)An advocate is informed by a person in Court that an important witness is a dacoit.
The informant, on being questioned by the advocate, gives satisfactory reasons for his
statement. This is a reasonable ground for asking the witness whether he is a dacoit.

(c)Awitness, of whom nothing whatever is known, is asked at random whether he is
a dacoit. There are here no reasonable grounds for the question.

(d) Awitness, of whom nothing whatever is known, being questioned as to his mode
of life and means of living, gives unsatisfactory answers. This may be a reasonable ground
for asking him if he is a dacoit.

153. If the Court is of opinion that any such question was asked without reasonable
grounds, it may, if it was asked by any advocate, report the circumstances of the case to the
High Court or other authority to which such advocate is subject in the exercise of his
profession.

When witness
to be
compelled to
answer.

Court to
decide when
question shall
be asked and
when witness
compelled to
answer.

Question not
to be asked
without
reasonable
grounds.

Procedure of
Court in case
of question
being asked
without
reasonable
grounds.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 41_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 41

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯴, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯵, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯶, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯷,
ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯸, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯹, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯰ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯱ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯀ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟ
ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕꯗ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯍꯥꯞꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯛꯆꯨꯌꯦꯜ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ,
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ
ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫

꯱꯵꯰. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯁꯦꯀꯁꯟ 137ꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯵꯱. (꯱) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯃꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ,
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯒꯗ꯭ ꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯇꯧꯔꯣꯏꯗ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯋꯥ
ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(꯲) ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ: -

(a) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯅ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯒꯗꯕ
ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

(b) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ
ꯂꯥꯞꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯔꯥꯜ
ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ
ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(c) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

(d) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯗꯒꯤ,
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯵꯲. ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯵꯱ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯍꯪꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯪꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ
ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯕꯗ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯌꯥꯎꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯗꯦꯀꯣꯏꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ
ꯗꯣꯀꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯥꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯥꯗꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯦꯟꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯗꯣꯀꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(c) ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯀꯔꯤꯁꯨ ꯈꯡꯗꯦ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯍꯪꯉꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫

(d) ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯍꯤꯡꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯤꯡꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯇꯥꯔꯕ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯈꯡꯗꯕ,
ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯇꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯵꯳. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ ꯍꯪꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ
ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯍꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ
ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏꯗ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯎꯔꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ
ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
꯫

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯍꯪꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯎꯔꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ
ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ
ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯃꯔꯝ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ
ꯍꯪꯂꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ
ꯍꯪꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯫



154. The Court may forbid any questions or inquiries which it regards as indecent or
scandalous, although such questions or inquiries may have some bearing on the questions
before the Court, unless they relate to facts in issue, or to matters necessary to be known in
order to determine whether or not the facts in issue existed.

155. The Court shall forbid any question which appears to it to be intended to insult
or annoy, or which, though proper in itself, appears to the Court needlessly offensive in
form.

156. When a witness has been asked and has answered any question which is relevant
to the inquiry only in so far as it tends to shake his credit by injuring his character, no
evidence shall be given to contradict him; but, if he answers falsely, he may afterwards be
charged with giving false evidence.

Exception 1.—If a witness is asked whether he has been previously convicted of any
crime and denies it, evidence may be given of his previous conviction.

Exception 2.—If a witness is asked any question tending to impeach his impartiality,
and answers it by denying the facts suggested, he may be contradicted.

Illustrations.

(a) A claim against an underwriter is resisted on the ground of fraud. The claimant is
asked whether, in a former transaction, he had not made a fraudulent claim. He denies it.
Evidence is offered to show that he did make such a claim. The evidence is inadmissible.

(b) Awitness is asked whether he was not dismissed from a situation for dishonesty.
He denies it. Evidence is offered to show that he was dismissed for dishonesty. The evidence
is not admissible.

(c)Aaffirms that on a certain day he saw B at Goa.A is asked whether he himself was
not on that day at Varanasi. He denies it. Evidence is offered to show thatAwas on that day
at Varanasi. The evidence is admissible, not as contradicting A on a fact which affects his
credit, but as contradicting the alleged fact that B was seen on the day in question in Goa.
In each of these cases, the witness might, if his denial was false, be charged with giving
false evidence.

(d)A is asked whether his family has not had a blood feud with the family of B against
whom he gives evidence. He denies it. He may be contradicted on the ground that the
question tends to impeach his impartiality.

157. (1) The Court may, in its discretion, permit the person who calls a witness to put
any question to him which might be put in cross-examination by the adverse party.

(2) Nothing in this section shall disentitle the person so permitted under
sub-section (1), to rely on any part of the evidence of such witness.

158. The credit of a witness may be impeached in the following ways by the adverse
party, or, with the consent of the Court, by the party who calls him—

(a) by the evidence of persons who testify that they, from their knowledge of
the witness, believe him to be unworthy of credit;

(b) by proof that the witness has been bribed, or has accepted the offer of a
bribe, or has received any other corrupt inducement to give his evidence;

(c) by proof of former statements inconsistent with any part of his evidence
which is liable to be contradicted.

Explanation.—A witness declaring another witness to be unworthy of credit may
not, upon his examination-in-chief, give reasons for his belief, but he may be asked his
reasons in cross-examination, and the answers which he gives cannot be contradicted,
though, if they are false, he may afterwards be charged with giving false evidence.

Indecent and
scandalous
questions.

Questions
intended to
insult or
annoy.

Exclusion of
evidence to
contradict
answers to
questions
testing
veracity.

Question by
party to his
own witness.

Impeaching
credit of
witness.

42 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



42 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯅꯥꯇꯩ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ
ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ
ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯤꯡꯉꯥꯏ
ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ꯫

ꯏꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯋꯥꯕ
ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ
ꯍꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ
ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ
ꯇꯧꯕ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨꯁꯤꯡꯗ
ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ
꯫

ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ
ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯗ ꯍꯪꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯪ ꯫

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ
ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯨꯅꯕ ꯫

꯱꯵꯴. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ
ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯒꯗ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯡꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ,
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯈꯔ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯵꯵. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯋꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ, ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ
ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯊꯤꯡꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯵꯶. ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯪꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯗꯅꯨ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯂꯤꯕꯃꯈꯩꯗꯤ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ;
ꯑꯗꯕꯨ,ꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯁꯟ ꯱ -ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯁꯟ ꯲ -ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯇꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯍꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯅ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯑꯟꯗꯔꯔꯥꯏꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯦꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯐ꯭ ꯔꯣꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯦꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ
ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯐ꯭ ꯔꯣꯗꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯦꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

(b) ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯇꯧꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯉꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ
ꯄꯛꯨꯆꯦꯜ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

(c) Aꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯒꯣꯋꯥꯗ B ꯎꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ A ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯕꯥꯔꯥꯅꯁꯤꯗ
ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯕꯥꯔꯥꯅꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯦꯕꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠꯇ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯕꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ
ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯒꯣꯋꯥꯗ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ, ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ,
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(d) A ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯃꯡꯨ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ Bꯒꯤ ꯏꯃꯡꯨ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒ ꯈꯠꯨ ꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ
ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯇꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ
ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯵꯷. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ, ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ
ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯏꯖꯃꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(꯲) ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯀꯁꯟ (꯱) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯕꯨ,ꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯵꯸. ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯧꯗꯅꯨ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ -

(a) ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯖꯕꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ;

(b) ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯦꯟ ꯆꯥꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯦꯟꯖ-ꯥꯊꯝꯨꯖꯒꯥꯤ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯐꯪꯈ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯫

(c) ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ
ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ-ꯏꯟ-ꯆꯤꯐꯇ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ
ꯍꯪꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ
ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫



Illustrations.

(a) A sues B for the price of goods sold and delivered to B. C says that he delivered
the goods to B. Evidence is offered to show that, on a previous occasion, he said that he
had not delivered goods to B. The evidence is admissible.

(b) A is accused of the murder of B. C says that B, when dying, declared that A had
given B the wound of which he died. Evidence is offered to show that, on a previous
occasion, C said that B, when dying, did not declare thatAhad given B the wound of which
he died. The evidence is admissible.

159. When a witness whom it is intended to corroborate gives evidence of any
relevant fact, he may be questioned as to any other circumstances which he observed at or
near to the time or place at which such relevant fact occurred, if the Court is of opinion that
such circumstances, if proved, would corroborate the testimony of the witness as to the
relevant fact which he testifies.

Illustration.

A, an accomplice, gives an account of a robbery in which he took part. He describes
various incidents unconnected with the robbery which occurred on his way to and from the
place where it was committed. Independent evidence of these facts may be given in order to
corroborate his evidence as to the robbery itself.

160. In order to corroborate the testimony of a witness, any former statement made by
such witness relating to the same fact, at or about the time when the fact took place, or
before any authority legally competent to investigate the fact, may be proved.

161.Whenever any statement, relevant under section 26 or 27, is proved, all matters
may be proved either in order to contradict or to corroborate it, or in order to impeach or
confirm the credit of the person by whom it was made, which might have been proved if that
person had been called as a witness and had denied upon cross-examination the truth of the
matter suggested.

162. (1)Awitness may, while under examination, refresh his memory by referring to
anywritingmade by himself at the time of the transaction concerningwhich he is questioned,
or so soon afterwards that the Court considers it likely that the transaction was at that time
fresh in his memory:

Provided that the witness may also refer to any such writing made by any other
person, and read by the witness within the time aforesaid, if when he read it, he knew it to be
correct.

(2) Whenever a witness may refresh his memory by reference to any document, he
may, with the permission of the Court, refer to a copy of such document:

Provided that the Court be satisfied that there is sufficient reason for the
non-production of the original:

Provided further that an expert may refresh his memory by reference to professional
treatises.

163. A witness may also testify to facts mentioned in any such document as is
mentioned in section 162, although he has no specific recollection of the facts themselves,
if he is sure that the facts were correctly recorded in the document.

Questions
tending to
corroborate
evidence of
relevant fact,
admissible.

Former
statements of
witness may
be proved to
corroborate
later
testimony as
to same fact.

What matters
may be proved
in connection
with proved
statement
relevant under
section 26 or
27.

Refreshing
memory.

Testimony to
facts stated in
document
mentioned in
section 162.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 43_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 43

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯊꯡꯥꯒꯠꯂꯤ꯫ Cꯅ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

(b) A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ Bꯅ, ꯁꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ Aꯅ B ꯗ
ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ Cꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ, ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ, Cꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ Bꯅ, ꯁꯤꯔꯛꯄ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯵꯹. ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯅꯥꯛ
ꯅꯛꯄꯗ ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

A, ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ
ꯂꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯗ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯕ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫
ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯶꯰. ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯟꯈꯠꯍꯟꯅꯕ, ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯍꯛꯆꯤꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯶꯱. ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯲꯶ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯲꯷ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯧꯒꯠꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ
ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯗ꯭ ꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯶꯲. (꯱) ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ, ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅ
ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕ,ꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯊꯅꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯗ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ
ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯟꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯕꯨ ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ:

ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯁꯨꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ
ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯕꯨ ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ
ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯧꯗꯅꯨ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯔꯤꯐꯔ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ:

ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯃꯔꯥꯡ ꯀꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ:

ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯗꯤ ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯇꯤꯖꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯕꯨ ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁ
ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯶꯳. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯇꯥꯔꯕꯗꯤ,
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 162ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ
ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ
ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕ
ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ
ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ
ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯲꯶
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯲꯷ꯒꯤ
ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ
ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ
ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯔꯤ
꯫

ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯶꯲ꯗ
ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇꯇ
ꯄꯟꯈ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤ ꯫



Illustration.

A book-keeper may testify to facts recorded by him in books regularly kept in the
course of business, if he knows that the books were correctly kept, although he has forgotten
the particular transactions entered.

164.Any writing referred to under the provisions of the two last preceding sections
shall be produced and shown to the adverse party if he requires it; such party may, if he
pleases, cross-examine the witness thereupon.

165. (1)Awitness summoned to produce a document shall, if it is in his possession or
power, bring it to Court, notwithstanding any objection which there may be to its production
or to its admissibility:

Provided that the validity of any such objection shall be decided on by the Court.

(2) The Court, if it sees fit, may inspect the document, unless it refers to matters of
State, or take other evidence to enable it to determine on its admissibility.

(3) If for such a purpose it is necessary to cause any document to be translated, the
Court may, if it thinks fit, direct the translator to keep the contents secret, unless the
document is to be given in evidence and, if the interpreter disobeys such direction, he shall
be held to have committed an offence under section 198 of the Bharatiya Nyaya
Sanhita, 2023:

Provided that no Court shall require any communication between the Ministers and
the President of India to be produced before it.

166. When a party calls for a document which he has given the other party notice to
produce, and such document is produced and inspected by the party calling for its
production, he is bound to give it as evidence if the party producing it requires him to do so.

167. When a party refuses to produce a document which he has had notice to produce,
he cannot afterwards use the document as evidence without the consent of the other party
or the order of the Court.

Illustration.

Asues B on an agreement and gives B notice to produce it.At the trial,A calls for the
document and B refuses to produce it. A gives secondary evidence of its contents. B seeks
to produce the document itself to contradict the secondary evidence given byA, or in order
to show that the agreement is not stamped. He cannot do so.

168. The Judge may, in order to discover or obtain proof of relevant facts, ask any
question he considers necessary, in any form, at any time, of any witness, or of the parties
about any fact; and may order the production of any document or thing; and neither the
parties nor their representatives shall be entitled to make any objection to any such question
or order, nor, without the leave of the Court, to cross-examine any witness upon any answer
given in reply to any such question:

Provided that the judgment must be based upon facts declared by this Adhiniyam to
be relevant, and duly proved:

Provided further that this section shall not authorise any Judge to compel any witness
to answer any question, or to produce any document which such witness would be entitled
to refuse to answer or produce under sections 127 to 136, both inclusive, if the question
were asked or the document were called for by the adverse party; nor shall the Judge ask
any question which it would be improper for any other person to ask under section 151 or
152; nor shall he dispense with primary evidence of any document, except in the cases
hereinbefore excepted.

Right of
adverse party
as to writing
used to refresh
memory.

Production of
documents.

Giving, as
evidence, of
document
called for and
produced on
notice.

Using, as
evidence, of
document
production of
which was
refused on
notice.

Judge's power
to put
questions or
order
production.

44 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



44 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ
ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ
ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯔꯤ
ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ
ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ
ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄ ꯫

ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ,
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯇ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ
ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯎꯠꯄ ꯫

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯗꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ
ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ, ꯃꯗꯨ
ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄꯁꯤꯡ
ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯗꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤ
ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏꯒꯤ
ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ-ꯁꯦꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ
ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ,
ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯊꯨꯠꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯫

꯱꯶꯴. ꯍꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯀꯅꯤ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯀꯅꯤ; ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ
ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯶꯵. (꯱) ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯊꯨꯡꯥꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯛꯇꯤꯗ
ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯎꯠꯄꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯀꯅꯤ: ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯗꯤ
ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ ꯌꯒꯤ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯟꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯅꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(꯳) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ
ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯨꯅ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ
ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡ-ꯂꯝꯇꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ
ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯌ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, 2023ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 198ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ:

ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯟꯇ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯔꯥꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯄꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ
ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯈꯨꯠꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯶꯶. ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯧꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯶꯷. ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯃ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ
ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

Aꯅ ꯑꯦꯒ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ Bꯗ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝ ꯄꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ Aꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ_T ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ Bꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤ ꯫ Bꯅ
Aꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯦꯒ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯥꯝ꯭ ꯞ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ
ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯶꯸. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯊꯤꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯣꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ,
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯀ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ
ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ:

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ:

ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯗ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯒꯤ पाउखमु
ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯲꯷ꯗꯒꯤ ꯱꯳꯶ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯎꯠꯄ
ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯒ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ; ꯖꯖꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯁꯦꯀꯁꯟ ꯱꯵꯱ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
꯱꯵꯲ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯍꯪꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯣꯏ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯃꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ,
ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯫



CHAPTERXI

OF IMPROPER ADMISSION AND REJECTION OF EVIDENCE

169. The improper admission or rejection of evidence shall not be ground of itself for
a new trial or reversal of any decision in any case, if it shall appear to the Court before which
such objection is raised that, independently of the evidence objected to and admitted, there
was sufficient evidence to justify the decision, or that, if the rejected evidence had been
received, it ought not to have varied the decision.

CHAPTERXII

REPEAL AND SAVINGS

170. (1) The Indian EvidenceAct, 1872 is hereby repealed.

(2) Notwithstanding such repeal, if, immediately before the date on which this
Adhiniyam comes into force, there is any application, trial, inquiry, investigation, proceeding
or appeal pending, then, such application, trial, inquiry, investigation, proceeding or appeal
shall be dealt with under the provisions of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, as in force
immediately before such commencement, as if thisAdhiniyam had not come into force.

No new trial
for improper
admission or
rejection of
evidence.

Repeal and
savings.

1 of 1872.

1 of 1872.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 45_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 45

1872 ꯒꯤ 1 ꯫

1872 ꯒꯤ 1 ꯫

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ XI

ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ

꯱꯶꯹. ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯣꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯎꯔꯒꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ
ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗ, ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯌꯦꯠꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯈꯤ, ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ,
ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ, ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ XII

ꯔꯤꯄꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯡꯁ

꯱꯷꯰. (꯱) ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, ꯱꯸꯷꯲ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫

(꯲) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈ꯭ ꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ, ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯛꯄ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ, ꯑꯦꯄ꯭ ꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ, ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯌꯦꯜ,
ꯏꯟꯀ꯭ ꯋꯤꯔꯤ, ꯏꯟꯚꯦꯁ꯭ ꯇꯤꯚꯦꯁꯟ, ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯦꯄ꯭ ꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯑꯦꯄ꯭ ꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ, ꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯌꯦꯜ, ꯏꯟꯀ꯭ ꯋꯤꯔꯤ, ꯏꯟꯚꯦꯁ꯭ ꯇꯤꯚꯦꯁꯟ, ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯥꯄꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯗꯦꯟ꯭ ꯁ
ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 1872ꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯝꯕ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯗ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕꯒꯨꯝ
ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ
ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ
ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤ
ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ
ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫

ꯔꯤꯄꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯡꯁ ꯫



THESCHEDULE

[See section 63(4)(c)]

CERTIFICATE

PARTA

(To be filled by the Party)

I, _____________________ (Name), Son/daughter/spouse of ___________________
residing/employed at __________________________ do hereby solemnly affirm and
sincerely state and submit as follows:—

I have produced electronic record/output of the digital record taken from the following
device/digital record source (tick mark):—

Computer / Storage Media DVR Mobile Flash Drive

CD/DVD Server Cloud Other

Other: ________________________________________

Make & Model: _______________ Color: _______________
Serial Number: _______________
IMEI/UIN/UID/MAC/Cloud ID_____________________ (as applicable)
and any other relevant information, if any, about the device/digital record____(specify).

The digital device or the digital record source was under the lawful control for regularly
creating, storing or processing information for the purposes of carrying out regular
activities and during this period, the computer or the communication device was working
properly and the relevant information was regularly fed into the computer during the
ordinary course of business. If the computer/digital device at any point of time was not
working properly or out of operation, then it has not affected the electronic/digital
record or its accuracy. The digital device or the source of the digital record is:—

Owned Maintained Managed Operated

by me (select as applicable).

I state that the HASH value/s of the electronic/digital record/s is _________________,
obtained through the following algorithm:—

SHA1:

SHA256:

MD5:

Other__________________ (Legally acceptable standard)

(Hash report to be enclosed with the certificate)

(Name and signature)

Date (DD/MM/YYYY): _____

Time (IST): ________hours (In 24 hours format)

Place: ____________

46 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



46 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-

ꯁꯦꯗꯜꯨ

[ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯳ (꯴) (c) ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ]

ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ

ꯁꯔꯨꯛ A

(ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯅ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯍꯟꯒꯗꯧꯕ)

ꯑꯩ, _____________________________(ꯃꯃꯤꯡ),
ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ/ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ/ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕ/ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯤ____________________________ꯂꯩꯐꯝ/ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ___________________________ꯅ
ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ: -

ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯁꯣꯔ꯭ ꯁ (ꯇꯤꯛ ꯃꯥꯔꯛ) ꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ/ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯄꯠꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯩꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯤ: -

ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ/ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯥ☐ ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯑꯥꯔ☐ ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ☐ ꯐ꯭ ꯂꯥꯁ ꯗ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯕ☐
ꯁꯤꯗꯤ/ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯗꯤ☐ ꯁꯔꯚꯔ☐ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯎꯗ☐ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ☐
ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ:__________________________________________________________________________________________
ꯃꯦꯛ ꯑꯦꯟ꯭ ꯗ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ:_________________________ ꯀꯂꯔ: _________________________
ꯁꯤꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ: _________________________
ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯏ./ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯦꯟ./ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ./ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯑꯦ. ꯁꯤ./ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯎꯗ ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. _________________________(ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ)
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ_________________________ (ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ) ꯫

ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯦꯕꯥꯏꯁ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯁꯣꯔ꯭ ꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ
ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ, ꯂꯤꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤꯟ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯗꯦꯕꯥꯏꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔꯗ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯕꯥꯏꯁ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯐꯖꯅ
ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ
ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯕꯥꯏꯁ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯀꯤ ꯁꯣꯔ꯭ ꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ: -

ꯑꯣꯅ☐ ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯟ☐ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯗ☐ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯦꯗ☐

ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ (ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯕꯤꯌꯨ) ꯫

ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ(ꯁꯤꯡ)ꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨ/ꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯂꯣꯒꯔꯤꯊꯝꯒꯤ
ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ: -

☐ ꯑꯦꯁ ꯑꯩꯆ ꯑꯦ 1:
☐ ꯑꯦꯁ ꯑꯩꯆ ꯑꯦ 256:
☐ ꯑꯦꯝ ꯗꯤ 5:
☐ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ: _________________________ (ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯔꯕ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ꯭ ꯗ)
(ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯍꯥꯁ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠ ꯍꯥꯞꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ)

(ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ)

ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯛ(ꯗꯤ ꯗꯤ/ꯑꯦꯝ ꯑꯦꯝ/ꯋꯥꯏ ꯋꯥꯏ ꯋꯥꯏ ꯋꯥꯏ): _________________________
ꯃꯇꯝ (IST): _________________________ ꯄꯡꯨ (ꯄꯡꯨ 24ꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ)
ꯃꯐꯝ: : _________________________



SEC. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 47

PART B

(To be filled by the Expert)

I, ____________________ (Name), Son/daughter/spouse of _____________________
residing/employed at _________________________ do hereby solemnly affirm and
sincerely state and submit as follows:—

The produced electronic record/output of the digital record are obtained from the following
device/digital record source (tick mark):—

Computer / Storage Media DVR Mobile Flash Drive

CD/DVD Server Cloud Other

Other: ________________________________________

Make & Model: _______________ Color: _______________
Serial Number: _______________
IMEI/UIN/UID/MAC/Cloud ID_____________________ (as applicable)
and any other relevant information, if any, about the device/digital record_______(specify).

I state that the HASH value/s of the electronic/digital record/s is _____________________,
obtained through the following algorithm:—

SHA1:

SHA256:

MD5:

Other__________________ (Legally acceptable standard)

(Hash report to be enclosed with the certificate)

(Name, designation and signature)

Date (DD/MM/YYYY): _____

Time (IST): ________hours (In 24 hours format)

Place: ____________

—————

DIWAKAR SINGH,
Joint Secretary & Legislative Counsel to the Govt. of India.

MGIPMRND—533GI(S3)—25-12-2023.

UPLOADED BY THE MANAGER, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRESS, MINTO ROAD, NEW DELHI–110002
AND PUBLISHED BY THE CONTROLLER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI–110054.

Kshitiz 
Mohan

Digitally signed by Kshitiz Mohan 
DN: c=IN, st=Delhi, 
2.5.4.20=e8b886a9336825f4d863142c634f2f25e2e76d2f0b5f069af
1775fa98f7ccdab, postalCode=110002, street=Minto Road New 
Delhi, pseudonym=5c90ab0ba7a48905de2428b65504151c, 
serialNumber=0a5dc5b84f902a7bf2d6ed41c0c26429a0d4d5848d
d23eb18886abaeea31b247, ou=Deputy Manager, o=Government 
of India Press, cn=Kshitiz Mohan 
Date: 2023.12.25 21:14:13 +05'30'



Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 47

ꯁꯦꯗꯜꯨ

[ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯳ (꯴) (c) ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ]

ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ

ꯁꯔꯨꯛ A

(ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯅ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯍꯟꯒꯗꯧꯕ)

ꯑꯩ, _____________________________(ꯃꯃꯤꯡ),
ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ/ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ/ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕ/ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯤ____________________________ꯂꯩꯐꯝ/ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ___________________________ꯅ
ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ: -

ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯁꯣꯔ꯭ ꯁ (ꯇꯤꯛ ꯃꯥꯔꯛ) ꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ/ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯄꯠꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯩꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯤ: -

ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ/ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯥ☐ ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯑꯥꯔ☐ ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ☐ ꯐ꯭ ꯂꯥꯁ ꯗ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯏꯕ☐
ꯁꯤꯗꯤ/ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯗꯤ☐ ꯁꯔꯚꯔ☐ ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯎꯗ☐ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ☐
ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ:__________________________________________________________________________________________
ꯃꯦꯛ ꯑꯦꯟ꯭ ꯗ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ:_________________________ ꯀꯂꯔ: _________________________
ꯁꯤꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ: _________________________
ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯏ./ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯦꯟ./ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ./ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯑꯦ. ꯁꯤ./ꯀ꯭ ꯂꯥꯎꯗ ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. _________________________(ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ)
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ_________________________ (ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ) ꯫

ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯦꯕꯥꯏꯁ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯁꯣꯔ꯭ ꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ
ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ, ꯂꯤꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤꯟ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯗꯦꯕꯥꯏꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔꯗ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯕꯥꯏꯁ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯐꯖꯅ
ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ
ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯕꯥꯏꯁ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗꯀꯤ ꯁꯣꯔ꯭ ꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ: -

ꯑꯣꯅ☐ ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯟ☐ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯗ☐ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯦꯗ☐

ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ (ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯕꯤꯌꯨ) ꯫

ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ ꯗ(ꯁꯤꯡ)ꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨ/ꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯂꯣꯒꯔꯤꯊꯝꯒꯤ
ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ: -

☐ ꯑꯦꯁ ꯑꯩꯆ ꯑꯦ 1:
☐ ꯑꯦꯁ ꯑꯩꯆ ꯑꯦ 256:
☐ ꯑꯦꯝ ꯗꯤ 5:
☐ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ: _________________________ (ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯔꯕ ꯁ꯭ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ꯭ꯗ)

(ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯍꯥꯁ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔ꯭ ꯠ ꯍꯥꯞꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ)

(ꯃꯃꯤꯡ, ꯐꯝ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ)

ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯛ(ꯗꯤ ꯗꯤ/ꯑꯦꯝ ꯑꯦꯝ/ꯋꯥꯏ ꯋꯥꯏ ꯋꯥꯏ ꯋꯥꯏ): _________________________
ꯃꯇꯝ (IST): _________________________ ꯄꯡꯨ (ꯄꯡꯨ 24ꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ)
ꯃꯐꯝ: : _________________________

________________

ꯗꯤꯋꯥꯀꯔ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ,
ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯖꯣꯏꯟꯠ ꯁꯦꯀ꯭ ꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯦꯖꯤꯁꯂꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ

ꯑꯞꯂꯣꯗ ꯇꯧꯔꯛꯄ: ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯔ, ꯒꯕꯔꯟꯃꯦꯟ꯭ꯇ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯄ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁ, ꯃꯤꯟꯇꯣ ꯔꯣꯗ, ꯅ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤ-꯱꯱꯰꯰꯰꯲
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯂꯛꯄ: ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯜꯔ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯄꯕ꯭ ꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟꯁꯅ, ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤ-꯱꯱꯰꯰꯵꯴

MGIPMRND—533GI(S3)—25-12-2023 ꯁꯤꯇꯤꯖ ꯃꯣꯍꯟ

Hp
Typewritten text
© 2024: The translation work of this law  from original English work to Manipuri is done through Machine Translation at 
Department of Computer Sc. & Engineering, IIIT Manipur under Dr Kishorjit Nongmeikapam assisted by Mr M Gourashyam Singh and Dr K Pritam Singh
 with the initiative of Mrs Nungshitombi Athokpam Commissioner (Law), Govt. of Manipur.