The UNITED PROVINCES (INDIAN MEDICINE) ACT, 1939

  

64 

 THE UNITED PROVINCES [INDIAN MEDICINE]1 ACT, 19392 

[U. P. ACT No. X OF 1939] 

 Amended by  

U. P. Act No. XII of 1955 

U. P. Act No. VII of 1956 

 U. P. Act No. VIII of 1957 

U. P. Act No. XLII of 1958 

U. P. Act No. XXXV of 1975 

 U. P. Act No. 22 of 1991 

U. P. Act No. 10 of 1994 

U. P. Act No. 10 of 2015 

 Adopted and modified by the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950 

 [Received the assent of the Governor on September 12, 

1939, under section 75 of the Government of Indian Act, 1935 and 

was published on September 23, 1939.] 

———— 

 

 AN 

ACT 

 to provide for the Development of the 1[Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbi 

Systems of medicine] and to regulate their practice in the United 

Provinces.  

Preamble WHEREAS it is expedient to provide for the development of the 

1[Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbi systems of medicine] 3[and] to regulate the 

practice thereof  4( * * * ), 

It is hereby enacted as follows : 

 

PART  I 

PRELIMINARY 

Short title, 
extent and 

commencement 

1. (i) This Act may be called the United Provinces Indian 

Medicine Act, 1939.   

 
 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1. Subs.  by s. 3 (a) of U. P. Act no. VII of 1956.   

2.  For  S. O. R., see Gazette. 1938 Pt. Viii, p. 1231. 

3.  The word [and] substituted by s. 2 (a) of U. P. Act VII of 1956.   

4.  Omitted by s. 2 (b) ibid. 



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939]  

66 

 (ii) It extend1 to the whole of 2[Uttar Pradesh] except the Jaunsar-

Bawar Pargana of the Dehra Dun District and the portion of the 

Mirzapur District, south of the Kaimur Range. 

 (iii) Parts I and II of this Act shall come into force on such date as 

the 3 [State Government] may, by notification in the official Gazette, 

appoint. Part III shall come into force on such 4[date] after the expiry of 

one year from the date on which Parts I and II come into force, as the     

3[State Government] may notify under section 49.  

 ———— 

 

PART  II 

Definitions 2. In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject 

or context, — 

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.  This Act has been extended to the area mentioned in column 1 of this table under the Act or Order 

mentioned in column 2 and enforced in such areas under notification, if any, mentioned in column 3 with 

effect from the date mentioned in column 4 against each such area ;  

——————————————————————————————————–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––— 

                            Act or Order           Notification, if             Date from  

        Areas             under which             any, under                    which  

                              extended               which enforced             enforced 

—————————————————————————————————–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––—— 

          1                       2                                      3                              4 

—————————————————————————————————–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––—— 

 1. Rampur            Rampur (Applica        No. 108/XVII—          

     District             -tion of Laws)             345-49, Jan.          January 26, 1952.         

                               Act, 1950.                 19, 1952, in  

                                                           Gaz., 1952, pt. 

                                                            I, p. 70.                                                        

 2.  Portion of          Banaras (Applica       No. 106/XVII—           

      Banaras           -tion of Laws)            204-50, dt. Jan.            Ditto.         

      District              Order, 1949.            19, 1952, in Gaz.,    

      covered by                                     1952, Pt. I, p. 70. 

      erstwhile  

      Banaras 

      State.                           

 3.  Tehri-            Tehri-Garhwal          No. 107/2 XVII— 

      Garhwal        (Application of          344-49, dt. Jan.            Ditto. 

      District          Laws) Order,            19, 1952, in Gaz., 

                            1949                       1952, Pt. I, p. 70.  

   

2.  Subs. by  the A. O. 1950 for (the United Provinces.) 

3.  Part I and II of this Act came into force on October 1, 1946, see notification no. 24-14/V-94-46, dated 

June 12, 1946 in Gaz., dated June 15, 1946, Pt-1, P. 219.   

4.  Sections 49, 53, 55 and 56 of Pt. III of the Act came into force with effect from March 1, 1952, in the whole 

of Uttar Pradesh, excepting the territories of the erstwhile States of Banaras, Rampur, Tehri-Garhwal, and 

the erstwhile partially excluded areas of Jaunsar Bawar in district Dehra Dun and the areas south of the 

Kaimur Range in Mirzapur District, see notification 3297-B—1/V—1069-51, dated March 5, 1952, in 

Gaz., dated March 8, 1952, Part. 1, p. 212.   



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

68 

 (i) “Board” means the Board of 1 [Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbi 

Systems of Medicine] 2[Uttar Pradesh] constituted under section 3. 

 (ii) “Indian system of medicine” means the Ayurvedic or the 

Unani Tibbi system of medicine, whether supplemented or not by such 

modern advances as the Board may from time to time have 

determined.  

 (iii) “President” means the President of the Board. 

3 [(iii-a) “State Government” means the Government of Uttar 

Pradesh ;  

(iii-b) “Faculty” means “Faculty of Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbi 

systems of medicine” constituted under section 36-A. ]  

 (iv) “Member” means a member of the Board.  

 4 [(iv-a) ‘Para-medical course, means a course of study 

approved by the Board for the training compounders, nurses and 

midwives in the Ayurvedic or Unani-Tibbi Systems of medicine and 

surgery. ] 

 
4(v) “Practitioner” means a practitioner of an [Ayurvedic and 

Unani Tibbi systems of medicine. ] 

(vi) “Prescribed” means prescribed by rules framed by the 
2[State Government] in accordance with the provisions of this Act.  

 (vii) “Register” means the register of Vaids and Hakims, 

maintained under section 25. 

(viii) “Registered practitioner” means a practitioner whose name 

is for the time being entered in the register.  

 (ix) “Registrar” means the Registrar appointed under section 24.  

(x) “Vaidya” means a practitioner of Ayurvedic system of 

medicine5 [and Surgery]. 

 (xi) “Hakim” means a practitioner of Unani Tibbi system of 

medicine [and surgery]5. 

 (xii)   6[   *   *    *   *   ] 

(xiii)  6[   *   *    *   *   ] 

Establishment 
of the Board 

3. (1) The 7 [State Government] shall, by notification in  

the  official  Gazette, establish in manner provided in sub-section (1) of  

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.  Add. by s. 4 (a) of U. P. Act VII of 1956.  

2.  Subs. by  the A. O. 1950 for (Prov. Govt.)   

3.  Add. by s. 4 (a) of U. P. Act VII of 1956.  

4.  Add. by s. 2  of U. P. Act no. XXXV 1975. 

5.  The words (and surgery) add. by s. 4 (b) and (c) of U. P. Act VII of 1956.  

6.   Omit. by s. 4 (d) of U. P. Act VII of 1956.  

7.   Subs.  by  the A. O. 1950 for (United Provinces). 



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

70 

 section 5, a Board to be called the Board of Indian Medicine, 1[Uttar 

Pradesh] for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act. Such 

Board shall be a body corporate and have perpetual succession and a 

common seal and may by the said name sue or be sued.   

Savings for 
acts done by 
the existing 

Board and its 
dissolution  

4. (1) On the date the first Board is constituted under the 

provisions of this Act, the existing Board of Indian Medicine shall cease 

to exist and all its assets and liabilities shall devolve upon the Board so 

constituted.  

 (2) All acts begun or completed by the Board of Indian medicine 

in existence on the date of constitution of the first Board shall, in so far 

as they relate to the functions allotted to the Board constituted under 

this Act, be deemed to have been begun or performed by the Board 

constituted under this Act, and such acts may be carried on and 

completed by or under the authority of the Board so constituted.  

Constitution 

of the Board  
2 [5. (1) The Board shall consist of the following members 

including the President) — 

(i) a President to be nominated by the State Government ;  

(ii) five members to be nominated by the State Government ;  

 3[(iii) one member each from a University established by law in 

Uttar Pradesh and having a Faculty concerned with the Ayurvedic or 

Unani Tibbi Systems of medicine to be elected in the prescribed manner 

by such Faculty ;  

 (iv) two members representing Ayurvedic Educational 

Institutions of Uttar Pradesh to be elected, in the prescribed manner by 

the teachers of such Institutions as are affiliated to a University 

established by law in Uttar Pradesh ;  

 (v) one member representing Unani Educational Institutions of 

Uttar Pradesh to be elected in the prescribed manner by the teachers of 

such institutions as are affiliated to a University established by law in 

Uttar Pradesh ; ]  

 (vi) nine members (six Vaidyas and three Hakims) to be elected in 

the prescribed manner by the registered Vaidyas and Hakims, 

respectively of Uttar Pradesh;  

 Provided that the President and every member to be elected or 

nominated as the case may be, under clauses (ii), (iv) and (v) shall be 

from amongst the registered practitioners.  

 (2) The Board shall elect one of its members to be the Vice 

President. ] 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1 .  Subs.  by the A. O. 1950 for [United Provinces.] 

2.   Subs.  by s. 5 of U. P. Act no. VII of 1956.  

3.   Subs. by s. 3 of  U. P. Act 35 of 1975.   



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

72 

Nomination of 

member in 
default of 
election  

6. If any electoral body referred to in sub-section (1) of section 5 

fails, by such date as may be prescribed to elect the requisite number 

of member or members which it is entitled to elect, the 1 [State 

Government] shall fill up the vacancy or vacancies by nomination of a 

person or persons qualified to be elected by the particular electoral 

body concerned. 

Disqualifications 
for membership  

7. No person shall be qualified to be elected or nominated as a 

member of the Board — 

(a) who is an undischarged insolvent ;  

(b) who has been adjudicated by a competent court to be insane 

or of unsound mind ;  

 (c) who has been convicted of an offence declared by 

Government to involve moral turpitude ; 

(d) whose name has been removed from the register ; or   

 (e) who is an employee of the Board or has directly or indirectly 

or by himself or a partner of any contract or any share of the Board, 

unless in the latter case Government remove the disqualification.  

Notification of 

elections, 
nominations 
and vacancies  

8. Every election or nomination of a member or President of the 

Board and every vacancy in the office of member or President shall be 

notified in the official Gazette.  

General election 2[9. There shall be general election of members of the Board 

before the expiry of their term or extended term, as the case may be, 

under section 14, on such date or dates as the State Government may, 

by notification in the official Gazette appoint in that behalf. ]  

Disabilities for 
continuing as 

member 

10. (1) If any member, during the period for which he has been 

nominated or elected — 

(a) absents himself without sufficient cause from three 

consecutive ordinary meetings of the Board ; or  

 (b) becomes subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in 

section 7 ; or  

(c) being a legal practitioner, appears in any suit or proceeding 

civil or criminal against the Board, or  

 (d) obtains any employment under the Board or has without the 

previous sanction of Government acquired directly or indirectly by 

himself or by a partner any share or interest in any contract, with, by 

or on behalf of the Board ;  

the Board may remove him from membership :  

  Provided that before removing a member under this sub-

section, the Board shall call for his explanation and record its finding 

thereon. 

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1. Subs. by the A.O. 1950 for (Provincial Government). 

2.  Subs. by s. 2 of  U. P. Act 12 of 1955.   



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

74 

 
1[(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) the 

President or any member nominated under sub-section (1) of section 5 

shall after such notice as may be prescribed, be removable by the State 

Government alone. ]  

Powers of the 
Government 
to appoint 

controller  

2[ 10-A. (1) Where the number of members of the Board for the 

time being is, for any reason whatsoever, reduced to less than the 

quorum provided in section 18, the State Government may, by 

notification, supersede the Board and appoint a Controller for such 

period not exceeding 3[four years] as may be specified in the notification 

or up to the date of notification under sub-section (4) whichever is 

earlier.   

 (2) Upon the appointment of the Controller under sub- 

section (1),— 

(a) all members of the Board including the President and the 

Vice-President shall, cease to be such members, President or Vice 

President ;  

 (b) the advisory Committee, if any, appointed under sub-section 

(1) of section 17 shall stand dissolved ;  

 (c) all members (including the Chairman) of the Faculty, except 

the Director of Ayurvedic and Unani Services, Uttar Pradesh shall cease to 

hold office and the Controller, together with the aforesaid Director shall 

constitute the Faculty ; 

 (d) all powers, functions and duties of the Board, the President 

and the Vice-President shall be vested in and be exercised, performed 

and discharged by the Controller and the Controller shall be deemed to 

be the Board, the President or the Vice-President as the occasion may 

require.  

 (3) As soon as may be after the appointment of the controller the 

State Government shall take steps to nominate a President and other 

members under clauses (1) and (2) of sub-section (1) of section 5 and to 

hold elections of members under clauses (3), (4), (5) and (6) of that sub-

section.  

 (4) As soon as the elections or nominations, as the case may be, 

of atleast such number of members as is required under section 18 for 

the quorum (including the President) are notified under section 8, the 

State Government may by notification declare that the Board is 

reconstituted and thereupon the Controller shall cease to function. ] 
Power of the 

State 
Government 
to remove a 
member and 

President of 
the Board  

11. Any member removed by the Board under the provisions of 

section 10, may within ninety days from the date of his removal, appeal 

to the 4[State Government] and the order of the 4[State Government] on 

any such appeal shall be final.   

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.  Subs. by s. 6 of  U. P. Act VII of 1956. 

2.  Ins. by  sec. 2 of U. P. Act No. 22 of 1991. 

3. Subs. by sec. 2 of U.P. Act No. 10 of 1994. 

4.  Subs.  by  the A. O. 1950 for (Provl. Govt.).  



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

76 

Resignation 

of a member 
or President  

12. 1[(1) Any elected member may at any time resign his office by 

a letter addressed to the President. Such resignation after due 

verification shall take effect from the date on which it is accepted by the 

Board.   

 (2) A President or a member nominated under sub-section (1) of 

section 5 wishing to resign may tender his resignation to the State 

Government under intimation to the Board. Such resignation when 

accepted shall be published in the official Gazette and shall take effect 

from the date notified therein. ] 

Filling of 
casual 
vacancies in 
the office of 

member or 
President  

13. (1) If a member or President of the Board dies or resigns or 

from any cause whatsoever ceases to be a member or President as the 

case may be, the vacancy so created shall be filled by a fresh election as 

the case may be, within such period as may be prescribed.  

 (2) The term of a member or President elected or nominated to fill 

up the vacancy mentioned in sub-section (1) shall be the remainder of 

term of office of the member or President in whose place he has been so 

elected or appointed : 

 Provided that in the case of an elected member, if the vacancy is 

for a period of six months or less, the Board may direct that the vacancy 

be left unfilled until the next general election.  

Term of 
office of  a 
member 

14. Save as otherwise provided in this part, the term of office of 

the President or a member of the Board shall be three years ;  

 2[ Provided that the State Government may, by notification in the 

official Gazette extend, from time to time, the term of the President, and 

all members of the Board so, however, that the total extension does not 

in the aggregate exceed two years. ] 

 3[  *  *  *  *  ] 

4[  *  *  *  *  ] 

Eligibility for 
re-election of 
outgoing 
members 

15. A member shall, on the expiry of his term of Office, be eligible 

for re-nomination or re-election ;  

5[  *  *  *  *  ] 

Validity of 
proceedings 

16. No disqualification of, or defect in the election or nomination 

of any person acting as a member of the Board or as the President or 

presiding authority of a meeting shall be deemed to vitiate any act or 

proceedings of the Board in which such person has taken part, if the 

majority of persons who took part in such act or proceedings were duly 

qualified members of the Board.  

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.   Subs.  by  S.  7 of U. P. Act VII of 1956.  

2.  Add. by S. 3 (a) of U. P. Act XII of 1955.     

3.  Omit. by S. 8 of U. P. Act VII of 1956.  

4.  Omit. By item  3 (ii) of the second Schedule to U. P. Act XLII of 1958.   

5.  Dele. By S. 9 of U. P. Act VII of 1956.   



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

78 

Establishment 

of Advisory 
Committees  

17. (1) The Board may, subject to the rules made by 1[State 

Government] for this purpose, by a resolution in that behalf, appoint an 

advisory committee which may consist of as many of its own members 

or outsiders co-opted for that purpose it deems fit and may appoint a 

convener who shall preside over the meetings of such committee. In the 

absence of the convener, the committee may elect any of its members 

for this purpose.  

 (2) All questions at a meeting of the Board shall be decided by 

the voice of the majority of the members present and voting at the 

meeting. In case of equality of votes, the member presiding shall have in 

addition to his vote as a member of the Board a second or casting vote. 

 (3) No business shall be transacted at any meeting of a 

committee when either less than two members or less than one fourth 

of the members constituting the committee, whichever is more, are 

present.  

Quorum for a 
meeting of 
the Board 

2 [18. The quorum of the Board shall be eight members but 

subject thereto the Board may act notwithstanding any vacancy in their 

number :  

 Provided that at an adjournment meeting all business postponed 

at the original meeting for want of quorum may be transacted if not less 

than five members are present. ]  

Procedure at 
meetings of 
Board 

19. (1) The President or in his absence the Vice-President shall 

preside at every meeting of the Board. In the absence of both, the 

members present shall elect one among themselves for this purpose.  

 (2) All questions at a meeting of the Board shall be decided by 

the voice of the majority of the members present and voting at the 

meeting. In case of equality of votes the member presiding, shall have in 

addition to his vote as a member of the Board a second or casting vote.  

Time and 

place of 
meeting of 
Board  

20. The Board shall meet at such time and place and every 

meeting of the Board shall be summoned in such manner as may be 

provided by the regulations :  

 Provided that until regulations are made, it shall be lawful for 

the President to summon a meeting of the Board at such time and place 

as he may deem expedient by a letter addressed to each member on a 

clear notice of fifteen days.  

 21.  3[ * * * * ] 

Payment of 

expenses  
22. (1) There shall be paid to the members of the Board such 

travelling and other expenses 4[***]as may be prescribed.  

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.   Subs.  by S. 3  (b) of U.P. Act No. 7, 1956 

2.   Subs.  by  S. 10 of U. P. Act VII of 1956. 

3.   Omit. by S.  11  ibid. 

4.   Omit. by S.  12  ibid. 



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

80 

 (2) No member shall receive any pay or special pay : 

Provided that the President may receive pay, allowance or 

emoluments, sanctioned by Government according to prescribed rules.  

President’s 

Power of 
control  

23. All officers and servants of the Board shall be under the 

direct control and supervision of the President and shall abide by his 

orders.  

Registrar and 
other officers 
and servants 
of the Board  

24. (1) The Board shall, with the previous approval of 

Government, appoint a Registrar who shall be the Secretary to the 

Board. The Registrar shall receive such salary and allowances as may be 

prescribed by rules. The President may from time to time grant him 

leave and may temporarily appoint a person to act in his place. Any 

person duly appointed to act as Registrar shall be deemed to be the 

Registrar for all purposes of this Act.  

 (2) Any order of the Board, appointing, punishing or removing the 

Registrar from his office, shall be subject to the approval of the 1[State 

Government.] 

 (3) The Board may appoint such other officers and servants as 

may be necessary for carrying out the purposes of this Act : 

 Provided that the number and designations of such officers and 

servants, their salaries and allowances, shall be subject to the previous 

approval of the 1[State Government :]  

 Provided also that the powers of the Board to punish, dismiss, 

discharge and remove any officer or servant of the Board, shall be 

subject to any rules framed by the 1[State Government] in this behalf.   

 (4) All questions of pay, allowances, promotions, leave, pension 

and provident fund relating to the staff, shall be governed by rule 

generally applicable to servant of the State Government of similar status.  

Act XLV of 

1860 
(5) The registrar or any other officer or servant appointed under 

this section, shall be deemed to be a public servant within the meaning 

of section 21 of the Indian Penal Code.  

Maintenance 
of register  

25. The 2 [Registrar] shall maintain a register or registers of 

Vaidyas 2[and] Hakim, practicing in 3[Uttar Pradesh] in the prescribed 

form.  

Duties of 
Registrar  

26. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and subject to any 

general and special orders of the Board, it shall be the duty of the 

Registrar to keep the register and discharge such other functions as are 

required to be discharged by him under this Act or by any rules framed 

by the 1[State Government]. 

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.   Subs.  by  the A. O. 1950 for (Provl. Govt.).  

2.   Subs.  by  S. 13 of U. P. Act VII of 1956. 

3.   Subs.  by  A. O. 1950 for [The United Provinces].  



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

82 

 (2) The Registrar shall, so far as practicable, keep the register 

correct and up-to-date and may, from time to time, enter therein any 

material alteration in the addresses or qualifications of the practitioners. 

He shall also remove from the register, the name of the registered 

practitioners who die or who cease to be qualified as such.  

 (3) The 1[State Government] may direct that no alteration in the 

entries in respect of additional qualifications shall be made, unless such 

fee as may be prescribed is paid.  

 (4) For the purpose of this section, the Registrar may write to any 

registered practitioner, at the address which is entered in the register to 

inquire whether he has ceased to practice or has changed his residence, 

and if no answer is received to the said letter within three months, the 

Registrar may issue a registered reminder, and in case no reply is 

received to the reminder within one month from the date of its issue, he 

may remove the name of the said practitioner from the register ;  

 Provided that the Board may, if it thinks fit, direct that the name 

of the said practitioner be re-entered in the register.  

Persons 
entitled to be 
registered 

2[ 27. (1) Every person possessing the qualifications mentioned 

in the Schedule shall, subject to the provisions contained in or made 

under this Act and upon payment of such fees, whether in a lump sum 

or periodically, as may be prescribed, be entitled on an application made 

to the Registrar, to have his name entered in the Register. When the 

name of a person has been registered in accordance with the provisions 

aforesaid he shall be granted a certificate in the prescribed form.  

 (2) Any person aggrieved by the order of the Registrar refusing to 

enter his name in the register or to make any entry therein may, within 

ninety days of such refusal, appeal to the Board.  

(3) The appeal shall be heard and decided by the Board in the 

prescribed manner.  

 (4) The Board may, on its own motion or on the application of 

any person, cancel or alter any entry in the Register or order any entry 

in the register if in the opinion of the Board such an entry was 

fraudulently or incorrectly made or obtained, or an application was 

wrongly refused. ] 

Amendment 
of Schedule 

28. If the Board is satisfied — 

 [(a) that a title or degree granted or qualification certified by a 

University, Medical Corporation, Examining Body or other institutions in 

India is a sufficient guarantee that persons holding such a title or degree 

or qualification possess the knowledge or skill requisite for the efficient 

practice of  3[Ayurvedic or Unani Tibbi System of Medicine, or ] 

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.  Subs.  by  the A. O. 1950 for (Provl. Govt.).  

2.  Subs. by  s. 14 of  U. P. Act VII of 1956.   

3.  Subs. by  s. 15 of  U. P. Act VII of 1956 



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

84 

 (b) that such a title, degree or qualification is not sufficient 

guarantee as aforesaid, it may direct — 

(i) in the case mentioned in clause (a), that the possession of 

such title, degree or qualification shall, subject to the provisions 

contained in this Act, and on payment of such fee as may be prescribed 

in this behalf, entitle a person to have his name entered in the register of 

Vaidyas, Hakims as the case may be, or  

 (ii) in the case mentioned in clause (b) that the possession of 

such title, degree or qualification shall not entitle a person to have his 

name entered in such register ; and the Schedule annexed hereto shall 

thereupon be deemed to have been altered accordingly.  

Power of 

Board to call 
for 
information 
from medical 

institution  

29. The Board shall have power to call upon the governing body 

or authorities of a medical Corporation, examining body for other 

institutions included in or desirous of being included in the Schedule — 

 (a) to furnish such reports, returns or other information as the 

Board may require to enable it to judge  the efficiency of the instruction 

given therein in medicine, surgery or mid-wifery ; and  

 (b) to provide facilities to enable a member of the Board, deputed 

by the Board in this behalf to be present at the examinations held by 

such Medical Corporation, examining body or other institutions.  

Information 
required of 

applicants 
for 
registration  

30. Every person who applies to have his name entered in the 

register of Vaidyas or Hakims, must satisfy the Registrar that he is 

possessed of some degree, title or qualification specified in the Schedule 

; and he must inform the Registrar of the date on which he obtained the 

degree, title or qualification which entitles him to claim registration 

under this Act, and shall furnish any other information required by the 

Registrar in order to enable him to discharge his duties under this Act. 

Powers of 
Board to 

prohibit 
entry in or to 
direct 
removal from 

the register 
etc.  

31. (1) The Board may prohibit the entry, in or order the removal 

from, the register of the name of any Vaidya or Hakim— 

(a) who has been sentenced by a Criminal Court 1[ * * * * ] to 

imprisonment for an offence declared by 2[State Government] to involve 

such moral turpitude as would render the entry or continuance of his 

name in the register undesirable, or  

 (b) whom the Board or a Committee specially authorized for the 

purpose after inquiry at which opportunity has been given to him to be 

heard in his defence and to appear either in person or by counsel, vakil, 

pleader or attorney, and which may in the direction of the Board, be 

held in  camera  has  found  guilty  of professional  misconduct or  other  

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.  The words [in British India] omit. by the A. O. 1950. 

2.  Subs. by  s. 3 (b)  of  U. P. Act no. VII of 1956 



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

86 

 infamous conduct by a majority of at least two thirds of the members 

present and voting at the meeting. 

 (2) The Board may direct that the name of any person against 

whom an order has been made under sub-section (1) shall be entered or 

re-entered, as the case may be, after having satisfied itself that due to 

lapse of time or otherwise the disability mentioned in sub-section (1) 

above has ceased to have any force.  

Notice of 

deaths and 
erasure of 
names from 
register  

32. (1) Every Registrar of deaths who receives notice of death of 

person whose name he knows to be entered in the register of Vaidyas 

and Hakims, shall forthwith transmit by post or otherwise, to the 

Registrar of the Board, a certificate of such death, signed by him and 

stating particulars of the time and place of death.  

 (2) On receipt of such certificate, or other reliable information 

regarding such death, the Registrar shall remove the name of the 

deceased person from the register.  

Penalty on 
unregistered 

person 
representing 
that he is 
registered   

33. If a person whose name is not entered in the register of 

Vaidyas and Hakims falsely pretends that it is so entered or uses in 

connexion with his name or title, any words or letters representing that 

his name is so entered, he shall whether any person is actually deceived 

by such representation or not, be punishable on conviction by a 

magistrate of the first class, with imprisonment 1[which may extend to 

six months or with fine which may extend to two hundred rupees or with 

both. ] 

Procedure 
inquiries and 
appeals  

34. For the purpose of any inquiry held under clause (b) of sub-

section (1) of section 31, the Board or the committee, as the case may 

be, shall exercise the powers of a commissioner appointed under the 

Public Servants (Inquiries) Act, 1950 and the provisions of sections 5, 8 

to 10, 14 to 16, 19 and 20 of the said Act shall, so far as may be, apply 

to every such inquiry and appeal.  

Publication 

of names 
entered in 
the register 
of Vaidyas 

and Hakims  

35. (1) The Registrar shall, in every year from time to time as 

occasion may require, on or before a date to be fixed in this behalf by the 

Board, cause to be published in the official Gazette and in such other 

manner as the Board may prescribe, a full or supplementary list of the 

names for the time being entered in the register and setting forth — 

 (a) all names entered in the register arranged in alphabetical 

order ;  

(b) the registered address and appointment held by, or actual 

employment of, each person whose name is entered in the register ; and  

 (c) the registered titles and qualifications of each such person. 

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.  Subs. by s. 17 of U. P. Act VII of 1956.  



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

88 

 Provided that the Register shall from time to time get published 

in the official Gazette, the names of such practitioners whose names 

have been duly removed under any of the provisions of this Act. 

 (2) In any proceeding it shall be presumed that every person 

entered in such list is a registered practitioner and that any person not 

so entered is not a registered practitioner ;  

1 [  *  *  *  *  ] 

Powers and 
duties of the 
Board 

2[ 36. The Board shall have the following powers and duties, 

namely — 

(1) to advise the State Government in matters relating to 

Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbi systems of medicine research and post-

graduate education ; ] 

 3[ (2) to accord, suspend or withdraw, on the recommendations of 

the Faculty, recognition to training centers imparting instruction in 

para-medical courses ; ] 

(3) to publish the results of the examinations conducted by the 

Faculty ; 

 4[ (4) “to grant diplomas or certificates to candidates who are 

successful at the Board’s examination ; ] 

(5) to levy fees laid down in regulations for admission to Board’s 

examinations ;  

 (6) to allot adequate funds to the Faculty for carrying out its 

duties ] ; 

5[ (7) to perform such other functions for the development of 

Ayurvedic and Unani Systems of medicine and surgery as may be 

consistent with the provisions of the Act ; ] 

 (8) to exercise such other powers as may be specified by or under 

this Act ; and  

(9)  6[  *  *  *  *  ] 

Faculty of 
Ayurvedic 
and Unani 
Tibbi 

systems of 
medicine  

36-A. (1)  For the proper discharge of its duties and functions as 

a teaching and examining body in the Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbi 

systems of medicine the Board shall appoint a Faculty of Ayurvedic and 

Unani Tibbi systems of medicine which shall consist of the following — 

 (i) the President of the Board who shall be ex-officio Chairman of 

the Faculty ;  

 

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.  Proviso omit. by s. 18 of U.P. Act VII of 1956. 

2.  Subs. by s. 19 of U. P. Act VII of 1956 

3.  Subs. by  s. 4 (a) of U. P. Act 35 of 1975.  

4.  Subs. by  s. 4 (b) of U. P. Act 35 of 1975. 

5.  Subs. by  s. 4 (c) ibid.  

6.  Omit. by  s. 5 (d) ibid. 



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

90 

 (ii) members of the Board elected under clauses (iii), (iv) and (v) of 

sub-section (I) of section 5, who shall be ex-officio members of the 

Faculty ; 

 (iii) one member to be elected by the members of the Board from 

amongst themselves ; and  

1 [(iv) the Director of Ayurvedic and Unani Services, Uttar  

Pradesh. ] 

 (2) The Faculty may, with the previous approval of or at the 

requisition of the State Government, co-opt not more than two members 

for a specified duration and a specific purpose.  

(3) The Faculty shall elect a Vice-President from amongst its 

members.  

 
2[(4) A member referred to in clause (iii) of sub-section (1) shall 

cease to be a member of the Faculty upon his ceasing to be a member of 

the Board. ] 

Powers and 
duties of the 
Faculty  

36-B.  3 [(I)] The Faculty shall have the following powers and 

duties ;  

4[(a) to prescribe courses of study in Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbi 

systems of medicine for imparting instructions in training centers 

recognized by the Board ;   

 (b) to hold examinations of persons who shall have pursued a 

course of study in a training center recognized by the Board ; 

(c) to exercise general supervision over the residential and 

disciplinary arrangements made by the training centres recognized by 

the Board and to make arrangement for promoting the health and 

general welfare of their students ; ]   

 (d) to appoint examiners ; 

5[(e) to cause inspection of training centers recognized by the 

Board ; and  

 (f) to make recommendations to the Board for the accord of 

recognition to or the suspension or withdrawal of recognition of training 

centers. ]  

(g)   6[  *  *  *  *  ] 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.  Subs. by  S. 5 (a) of U.P. Act No. 35, 1975.  

2.  Subs. by S. 5 (b) ibid.  

3.  Section 36 B renumbered as sub-section (1) thereof by S. 6 of U. P. Act 35 of 1975.   

4.  Subs. by S. 6 (a) (i) ibid.   

5.  Subs. by  S. 6 (a) (ii) of U. P. Act No. 35 of 1975. 

6.  Omit. by S. 6 (iii) (a) ibid.    



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

92 

 
1[(2) the Registrar shall function as the Secretary of the Faculty.] 

Disagreement 
between the 
Faculty and 
the Board.  

2[ 36-C. In the event of disagreement between the Faculty and 

the Board on any matter referred to in section 36-B a reference shall be 

made by the Board to the State Government and the decision of the 

State Government shall be final. ] 

Making of 
regulations  

37. Subject to the provisions of this Act and to the rules framed 

by the 3[State Government] thereunder, the Board may 4[after previous 

publication] frame regulations for regulating the following matters, 

namely —  

 5[ (1) (a) conditions on which institution may be recognized for 

the purposes of registration under section 28 ;  

 (b) the admission of trainees to the training center recognized by 

the Board ; 

(c) the conditions under which trainees shall be admitted to the 

diploma and certificate courses and to the examinations of the Board, 

and shall be eligible for the grant of such diploma and certificate ;  

 (d) the conditions of residence of the trainees in the training 

centers recognized by the Board and the levying of fees for such 

residence ; 

(e) the number, qualifications and emoluments of teachers of the 

training centers recognized by the Board ;    

 (f) the fees to be charged for courses of study in such training 

centers and for admission to the examinations, diplomas and certificates 

of the Board ;  

(g) the conditions and mode of appointment and duties of 

examiners and the conduct of examinations ;  

 Provided that in framing regulations, the Board shall take into 

consideration the financial and other existing conditions of the training 

centers generally : 

 Provided further that no regulation shall be framed under any of 

the sub-clauses (a) to (g) except upon the recommendations to be made 

in such manner as may be prescribed by the Faculty. ] 

 (2) (a) the time and place at which the meetings shall be held ;  

(b) the issue of notices convening such meetings ;  

(c) the conduct of business threat;  

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.  Ins. by S. 6 (b) of U.P. Act No. 35 of 1975. 

2.  Subs. by S. 7 ibid.   

3.  Subs. by  A. O. 1950 for (Provincial Govt.)  

4.  Ins. by  S. 21 (1) of U. P. Act VII of 1956. 

5.  Subs. by s. 8 of U. P. Act 35 of 1975. 



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

94 

 (d) the salary, allowances and other conditions of services of 

officers and servants of the Board other than the Registrar ;  

(e) all other matters which may be necessary for the purposes of 

carrying out the objects of this Act ;  

 (3) all such regulations shall be published in the official Gazette 
1[and shall not take effect until they have been confirmed by the State 

Government ; ] 

(4) the 2 [State Government] may by notification in the official 

Gazette 3[cancel or modify] any regulation.  

Disposal of 
fees 

38. All fees received by the Board on account of registration of 

Vaidyas and Hakims and admission to the Board’s examinations 4[***] 

under this Act shall be credited to the Board and shall be applied for the 

purposes of this Act in accordance with the rules. 

Qualified 

practitioner’s 
certificates  

39. Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time 

being in force — 

(1) The expression “legally qualified medical practitioner” or “duly 

qualified medical practitioner” or any word importing that person is 

recognized by law as medical practitioner or member of medical 

profession shall, in all Acts in force in 5 [Uttar Pradesh] and in all 
6[Central Acts] in their application to 5[Uttar Pradesh] in so far as such 

Acts relate to any of the matters specified in List II ro List III in the 

Seventh Schedule to 7 [the Constitution] be deemed to include a 

registered practitioner.  

 (2) A certificate required under any law or rule having the force of 

law from any medical practitioner or medical officer shall be, valid, if 

such certificate has been granted by a registered practitioner.  

 (3) A registered practitioner shall be eligible to hold any 

appointment as a physician or other medical officer in any Ayurvedic or 

Unani dispensary, hospital, infirmary or lying-in-hospitals supported by 

or receiving a grant from the 8 [State Government] or in any public 

establishment, body or institution dealing with such systems of 

medicine.  

 (4) A registered practitioner shall be entitled to — 

(a) sign or authenticate a birth or death certificate required by 

any law or rule to be signed or authenticated by a duly qualified medical 

practitioner ;  

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.  Add. by s. 21 (3) of U. P. Act VII  of  1956.   

2.  Subs. by  A. O. 1950 for (Provincial Govt.)   

3.  Subs. by S. 21 (4) of U.P. Act No. VII of 1956. 

4.  Omit. by S. 22 of U. P. Act VII of 1956.  

5.  Subs. by  A. O. 1950 for (United Provinces.)   

6.  Subs. by  A. O. 1950 for (Acts of the Central Legislature.)    

7.  Subs. by  ibid for the [Government of India Act, 1935.]   

8.  Subs. by  A. O. 1950 [Provincial Legislature.]   



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

96 

 (b) sign or authenticate a medical or physical fitness certificate 

required by any law or rule to be signed or authenticated by a duly 

qualified medical practitioner ;  

 (c) give evidence at any inquest or in any Court of Law as an 

expert under section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 on any matter 

relating to medicine, surgery or midwifery.  

 
1[(d) The registered practitioners of Ayurvedic or Unani System of 

Medicine holding the qualifications mentioned in the Second Schedule to 

the Indian Medicine Central Council Act, 1970 (Act no. 48 of 1970) shall 

be eligible to practice the modern system of medicine known as 

allopathic medicine to the extent of training they have received in the 

system and notified by the State Government along with the Ayurvedic 

or Unani Medicine in which they are registered in the State Register. ] 

Reservation 
of certain 

appointments 
to Vaidyas 
and Hakims 
who have 

qualified 
themselves 
from 
educational 

institutions 
affiliated to 
the Board  

[40. Except with the special sanction of the State Government, 

no person other than Vaidya or Hakim who has qualified himself or 

herself from an institution affiliated to the Board or who holds a degree 

in Ayurvedic Unani Tibbi systems of medicine from a University 

established by law in Uttar Pradesh and is a domiciled resident of this 

State shall be competent to hold an appointment as medical officer of 

health or as physician or other medical officer in an Ayurvedic or Unani 

hospital, infirmary, dispensary or lying-in-hospital maintained by or 

under the control of the State Government or local authority ;  

 2[Provided that Vaidyas and Hakims in the employ of the State 

Government or a local authority specified above on the date on which 

this Act comes into force shall continue to hold the said appointments.] 

Exemption 
from serving 
on inquest  

Act V of 1898 

41. (1) Notwithstanding anything in any other law for the time 

being in force every registered practitioner shall be exempts, if he so 

desires, from serving on any inquest or as a Juror or assessor under the 

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898.  

U. P. Act III 

of 1917 
U. P. Act IV 
of 1910 

(2) The registered practitioners shall have the same privileges as 

the medical practitioners registered under the United Provinces Medical 

Act, 1917 have under the United Provinces Excise Act, 1910 or any 

other Act for the time being in force.  

Rules 42. (1) The 3[State Government] may, after previous publication, 

from time to time make rules consistent with this Act, to carry out the 

purposes of this Act.  

(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the 

foregoing power, the 3[State Government] may make rules for any of the 

following matters ;  

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.  Ins. by  sec. 2 of  U. P. Act no. 10 of 2015.   

2.  Subs. by  s. 9 of U. P. Act XXXV of 1975.    

3.  Subs. by  A. O. 1950 for (Provincial Govt.)   



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

98 

 (a) the time at which and the place and manner in which election 

shall be held under section 5 ;  

(b) regulation of elections under this Act ;  

 (c) the conduct of and the maintenance of correct minutes of 

meetings of the Board ;  

(d) the manner, in which vacancies shall be filled under  

section 13 ;  

 (e) the salary and allowances and other conditions of service of 

the Registrar ;  

(f) the form of the register of Vaidyas and Hakims, to be 

maintained under this Act and the classifications of practitioners in two 

or more classes according to their qualifications ;    

 (g) fees chargeable under this Act and their applications ;  

(h) the manner in which appeals against the decision of the 

Registrar shall be heard by the Board under section 27 ; 

 (i) expenses payable to members of the Board and its President ; 

and  

 (j) remuneration to be paid to the President ;  

(k) the furtherance of any objects of the and its President ; and  

 (l) the furtherance of any other objects of the Board.  

(3) All such rules shall be published in the official Gazette.  

Appeals to 
State 

Government 
from decision 
of Board  

43. (1) An appeal shall lie to the 1[State Government] from every 

decision of the Board under this Act, except a decision made by the 

Board as an appellate authority.  

(2) Every appeal under sub-section (1) shall be preferred within 

three months of the date of such decision.  

Bar to suit 
and other 
legal 

proceedings  

44. (1) No suit or other legal proceeding shall lie against the 

1[State Government], in respect of an act done in the exercise of the 

powers conferred by this Act.  

 (2) No suit or other legal proceeding shall be maintainable 

against the Board or any member or any officer or servant of the Board 

or any person acting under the direction of the Board or of the President 

or of any officer or servant of the Board in respect of anything done 

under this Act, lawfully and in good faith and with reasonable care and 

attention.  

Mode of 
proof of 
Board’s 
records  

45. A copy of any proceeding, receipt, application, plaint, notice, 

order, entry in a register, or other document in the possession of the 

Board   shall,  if   duly  certified   by   the   Registrar   or   other   person  

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.  Subs. by  A. O. 1950 for (Provincial Govt.)   



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

100 

 authorized by the Board in this behalf, be received as prima facie 

evidence of the existence of the entry or document and shall be admitted 

as evidence of the entry or document and of the matters therein 

recorded in every case where, and to the same extent as, the original 

entry or document would, if produced, have been admissible to prove 

such matters. 

Restriction 
on the 
summoning 
of Board’s 

servants to 
produce 
documents  

46. No member or officer or servant of the Board shall, in any 

legal proceeding to which the Board is not a party, be required to 

produce any register or document or to appear as a witness to prove the 

matters recorded therein, unless by order of the Court made for special 

reasons.  

Control of 

Board by 
State 
Government  

47. If at any time it shall appear to the 1[State Government] that 

the Board has failed to exercise or has exceeded or abused a power 

conferred upon it under this Act or has failed to perform a duty imposed 

upon it by this Act, the 1[State Government] may, if it considers such 

failure, excess, or abuse to be of a serious character, notify the 

particulars thereof to the Board ; and if the Board fails to remedy such 

default, excess or abuse within such time as may be fixed by the 1[State 

Government] in this behalf, the 1[State Government] may dissolve the 

Board and cause all or any of the power and duties of the Board to be 

exercised and performed by such agency and for such period as it may 

think fit : 

 Provided that it shall take steps within six months to constitute a 

new Board under the provisions of this Act.  

Court 
competent to 
try offences 

under this 
Act and 
cognizance of 
offences  

48. (1) No court other than the court of a Magistrate of the first 

class shall take cognizance of, or try an offence under this Act.  

(2) No court shall take cognizance of any offence under this Act 

except on a complaint in writing of an officer empowered by rules made 

in this behalf.  
 ———— 

PART  III 

Power of the 
State 
Government 

to enforce 
the 
provisions of 
Part III 

49. The 1[State Government] may at any time after the expiry of 

one year from the date on which Parts I and II come into force, by 

notification published in the official Gazette, apply the provisions of this 

Part or any portion thereof to the whole or any part of the 2[State] from 

such date as is notified therein :  

 Provided that the 1[State Government] shall give wide publicity to 

the notification in such other manner also as it deems proper.  

List of 
practitioners  

50. (1) After the publication of the notification mentioned in 

section 49 the Registrar shall prepare and keep a list called a “list of 

persons in practice belonging to the indigenous system” on such date as 

is mentioned in said notification.  
 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.  Subs. by  A. O. 1950 for (Provincial Govt.)   

2.  Subs. by ibid for (Province)   



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

102 

 (2) Every person, not being a person qualified for registration 

under this Act, who within a period of one year from the date from which 

this Part comes into force proves to the satisfaction of the Registrar that 

he has been in regular practice of the Indian system of medicine or 

surgery or midwifery or any of their branches in this 1[State] on the date 

mentioned in the notification under sub-section (1) shall be entitled to 

have his name entered in the aforesaid list on payment of five rupees.  

 (3) The provisions of sub-sections (2) and (4) of section 26, sub-

sections (2), (3), (4) of section 27, and sub-section (1) of section 31, shall, 

so far as may be, apply to this list.  

Prohibition 

of practice  
51. No person other than a practitioner registered under Part II 

of the Act or person whose name is entered in the list mentioned in 

section 50 shall practice or hold himself out, whether directly or by 

implication as practicing or as being prepared to practice the 2[Ayurvedic 

and Unani Tibbi system of medicine] surgery or midwifery : 

 Provided that the 3[State Government] may, by notification in the 

official Gazette, direct that the provisions of this section shall not apply 

to any class of persons or in a specified area.  

Penalty  52. Any person who acts in contravention of the provisions of 

section 51 shall on conviction for each offence be punishable with fine, 

which may extend to two hundred rupees.  

 53.   4[  *  *  *  *  ] 

54.   5[  *  *  *  *  ] 

Conferring, 
granting of 

issuing 
diploma, 
license etc., 
by 

unauthorized 
institution   

55. (1) No person other than an association or institution 

recognized or authorized by the Board under this Act shall confer, grant 

or issue or hold itself out as entitled to confer, grant or issue any degree, 

diploma, license, certificate or other document stating or implying that 

the holder, grantee, or recipient is qualified 6[in or otherwise entitled to 

practice] the 2[Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbi system of medicine].  

 (2) Whoever contravenes the provisions of this section shall on 

conviction be punishable with fine 7[with imprisonment not exceeding 

six months or with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees or with 

both] and if the person so contravening is an association, every  

member  of  such  association who knowingly and willfully authorizes or  

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1. Subs. by A.O. 1950 for (Provincial Govt.). 

2.  Subs. by s. 3 (a) of U.P. Act No. VII of 1956. 

3.  Subs. by  A. O. 1950 for (Provincial Govt.)   

4.  Section  53 omit. by s. 23 of U. P. Act VII of 1956. 

5.  Section  54 omit. by s. 24 ibid.   

6.  Subs. by s. 25 (1) of U.P. Act No. VII, 1956. 

7.  Subs. by s. 25 (2) ibid. 



[The United Provinces Indian Medicine Act, 1939] 

104 

 permits the contravention shall on conviction be punishable with fine,     

1[with imprisonment not exceeding three months or with fine which may 

extend to two hundred rupees or with both ]. 

False 
assumption 

of degree, 
diploma or 
certificates 

to be an 
offence  

56. Whoever voluntarily and falsely assumes or uses any title or 

description or any addition to his name implying that he holds a degree, 

diploma, license or certificate conferred, granted or issued by any 

association or institution recognized or authorized by the Board under 

this Act or that he is qualified to practice the Indian system of medicine 

under the provisions of this Act, shall on conviction be punishable with 

fine which may extend to fifty rupees for the offence under the first 

offence under this section and to fine which may extend to two hundred 

rupees for every subsequent offence.  

 THE SCHEDULE 

[See sections 27, 28, 29 and 30] 

 Persons who are entitled to have their names entered in the 

register of Vaidyas, Hakims — 

1.  Vaidyas and Hakim who hold a degree or certificate or any 

Government Ayurvedic or Unani College or school within 2 [Uttar 

Pradesh] or outside it, or degree in Indian medicine or surgery or 

midwifery of any University established by law in India.  

 2.  3[Vaidyas and Hakims who hold a degree or diploma granted 

by the Board. ] 

3.  Vaidyas or Hakims who have passed an examination from any 

Ayurved or Unani Institution in the 2[Uttar Pradesh] or outside it 

recognized by the Board for purposes of registering.  

 4[   *  *  *  *   ] 

 

 

 

——— 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

—————————————————————————————————————————— 
1.  Subs. by  sec. 25 (2) of U.P. Act No. VII of 1956.   

2.  Subs. by  A. O. 1950 for the (United Provinces). 

3.  Subs. by s. 26 (a) of U. P. Act VII of 1956.  

4.  Del. by s. 26 (b) ibid. 



 

2